Nucleobase-functionalized conformationally restricted nucleotides and oligonucleotides for targeting of nucleic acids

ABSTRACT

Embodiments are disclosed herein that involve C5-functionalized nucleic acids, which can be used for detecting a target in a nucleic acid. Particular embodiments disclose methods for making these compounds, wherein the compounds can be formed by coupling of an intermediate with a linker. Certain embodiments disclose the use of these compounds for detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms, and for increasing the thermal affinity of nucleic acid complements as compared to unmodified nucleic acid complements. In addition, the disclosed compounds can decrease enzymatic degradation of nucleic acids.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation application under 35 U.S.C. §120 of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2010/048520, filed Sep. 10, 2010, which claims the benefit of the earlier filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/241,292, filed Sep. 10, 2009. Each of these prior applications is incorporated herein by reference.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support from an Idaho NSF EPSCoR Research Infrastructure Improvement (RII) Startup Augmentation grant. The government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD

This invention concerns the synthesis and use of oligonucleotides modified with one or more conformationally restricted nucleotides, such as C5- or C8-functionalized Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) and/or C5- or C8-functionalized α-L-LNA building blocks, for nucleic-acid-based therapeutics, diagnostics and material science applications that target nucleic acids.

BACKGROUND

Chemically modified exogenous oligonucleotides (ONs) can bind to specific nucleic acid sequences (i.e., double stranded DNA, single stranded DNA, single stranded RNA), which has enabled their use as fundamental research tools, diagnostic probes and therapeutic agents. For example, modulation of gene expression via the antigene [Duca et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 36:5123 (2008)], antisense [Kurreck, J. Eur. J. Biochem. 270:1628-1644 (2003)] and/or siRNA [Bumcrot et al., Nat Chem Biol 2:711-719 (2006)] strategies are very useful approaches to establish the function of specific genes or transcripts (fundamental research tool), and to develop agents against diseases of genetic origin (therapeutics).

Introduction of chemically modified nucleotides into ONs has been investigated for increasing binding affinity toward double stranded DNA (via Hoogsteen base-pairing), single stranded DNA (via Watson-Crick base-pairing), and single stranded RNA targets (via Watson-Crick base-pairing); b) improving discrimination of mismatched nucleic acid targets to minimize false positives and non-target specific effects in diagnostic and biological applications; and/or c) enhancing stability against degradation by enzymes including nucleases. The use of conformationally restricted nucleotides [Meldgaard et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1:3539-3554 (2000); Leumann, J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10:841-854 (2002)] such as Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA, also called bridged nucleic, BNA) [Singh et al., Chem. Commun. 455-456 (1998); Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron 54:3607-3630 (1998); Obika et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 39:5401-5404 (1998); Obika et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 9:1001-1011 (2001)] or α-L-LNA, [Sørensen et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:2164-2176 (2002)] have partially addressed these challenges. LNA and α-L-LNA exhibit increased thermal affinity toward complementary single stranded DNA/RNA strands of up to +10° C. per modification, along with markedly improved mismatch discrimination and enzymatic stability relative to unmodified oligodeoxyribonucleotides [Petersen et. al., Trends Biotechnol. 21:74-81 (2003)]. Similarly, introducing LNA or α-L-LNA monomers into triplex forming oligonucleotides may result in markedly improved thermal affinity toward double stranded DNA targets [Torigoe et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276:2354 (2001); Obika et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 52:1399 (2004); Sun et al., Biochemistry 43:4160 (2004); Brunet et al., J. Biol. Chem. 280:20076 (2005); Kumar et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128:14 (2006)]. These properties render LNA and α-L-LNA with considerable therapeutic and diagnostic potential [Petersen et. al., Trends Biotechnol. 21:74-81 (2003); Frieden et al., I Drugs 9:706-711 (2006); Jepsen et al., Curr. Opin. Drug Discovery Dev. 7:188-194 (2004); Grünweller et al., Biodrugs 21:235-243 (2007); Stenvang et al., Sem. Cancer Biol. 18:89-102 (2008)].

Substantial efforts have been invested to develop LNA analogs with more desirable biophysical properties, i.e., improved thermal affinity toward single stranded DNA/RNA targets or double stranded DNA targets, improved thermal mismatch discrimination and enhanced enzymatic stability [representative examples: Koizumi et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 31:3267 (2003); Morita et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 11:2211-2226 (2003); Sørensen et al., Chem. Commun. 2130-2131 (2003); Fluiter et al., Chem Bio Chem. 1104-1109 (2005); Albaek et al., J. Org. Chem. 71:7731-7740 (2006); Varghese et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128:15173-15187 (2006); Højland et al., Org. Biomol. Chem. 5:2375 (2007); Rahman et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 46:4306 (2007); Rahman et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130:4886-4896 (2008); Mitsuoka et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 37:1225-1238 (2009); Kumar et al., J. Org. Chem. 1070-1081 (2009); Seth et al., J. Med. Chem. 52:10-13 (2009); Zhou et al., J. Org. Chem. 74:118-134 (2009)]. These studies have primarily focused on using stereoisomers of LNA, modification of the oxymethylene bridge spanning the C2′- and C4′-positions and/or introducing minor-groove oriented substituents into the bridge. Improved enzymatic stability [Morita et al. (2003), Varghese et al. (2006), Rahman et al. (2008), Zhou et al. (2009)], altered biodistribution [Fluiter et al. (2005)], or reduced hepatotoxicity [Seth (2009)], has been reported for some of the analogs, but improvements in hybridization properties relative to LNA were generally not observed. Thus, the significantly increased synthetic complexity of these conformationally restricted nucleotide analogs does not appear to be justified.

SUMMARY

Certain disclosed embodiments concern compounds having a first general formula

With reference to this first general formula, R¹ may be selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, thiol, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes. R¹ typically is selected from ether, carbonyl, nitrile, disulfide, thioether, amine, amino acid, aminoglycoside, carbohydrate, fluorophores, nucleosides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, peptides, intercalators, lipidoids, porphyrins, proteins, and vitamins, and even more typically from amide, amine, ester, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone, spermine derivatives, guanidine groups, spin labels, electrochemical probes, fatty acids, glycerols, sterols, glycols, alkylene glycol, redox active FRET labels, nuclear localization signals, transportan, and ferrocene derivatives. Particular species of the R¹ substituent include, but are not limited to, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, fluorescein, rhodamine, cyanine, pyrene, perylene, coronene, adamantane, acridine, phenantroline, diphenylphosphorylazide, HIV Tat fragment, cholesterol, lithocolic-oleyl, myristoyl, lauroyl, docosanyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl, oleoyl, linoleoyl, dihydrotestosterone, lithocholic acid, folic acid, and vitamin E.

R² may be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, and functional group protecting groups. Particular species of the R² substituent include, but are not limited to, carbonyl, sulfonyl, benzyl, benzoyl, and alkyl. R² is typically selected from hydrogen, 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl, trityl, 9-arylthioxanthenyl, mesyl (Ms), tosyl (Ts), besoyl (Bs), and trifluormethanesulonyl. R² can also be selected to include an oligonucleotide.

R³ typically may be selected from a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound. Certain disclosed embodiments utilize R³ substituents having a formula

where Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof, and W is selected from phosphorus, SH, or SeH. Certain species of R³ substituents include, without limitation,

In other disclosed embodiments, R³ has a formula

where W is phosphorus, and Z independently is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl, sulfhydryl, and any combination thereof. A particular example of an R³ substituent is

and particular species of such compounds have the regiochemistry shown below:

where X is nitrogen or carbon; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur and N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl. A particular species of the R⁴ substituent is

Additional examples of disclosed compounds may have an R⁴ substituent having a formula

with specific R⁴ substituents having the following regiochemistry

where X is nitrogen, carbon, or any combination thereof; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, and N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Z is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof. A particular species of the R⁴ substituent has a formula

Additional examples of disclosed compounds may have an R⁴ substituent having a

where X is nitrogen, carbon, or any combination thereof; Z is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof. A particular example of such an R⁴ substituent is

Still another example of an R⁴ substituent has a formula

where X is nitrogen, carbon, or any combination thereof; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, and N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Z is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof. A particular example of such an R⁴ substituent is

With reference to the first general formula, the linker typically is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl, and even more particularly is alkyl (other than methyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, or heterocyclic. Particular examples of linkers include, without limitation, (E isomer) —CH═CH—, (Z isomer) —CH═CH—, 1,2,3-triazole, or 1,2,4-triazole.

Again with reference to the first general formula, Y is a heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl. M and n are used to designate the size of a bridge in the compounds wherein m+n is from 2 to at least 4.

Certain disclosed embodiments may satisfy a second general formula

a third general formula

a fourth general formula

a fifth general formula

where the various substituents are as stated above with reference to the first general formula.

Certain disclosed embodiments have an IV-linker moiety selected from

Particular examples of disclosed compounds include

Certain disclosed compound concern α-L-locked nucleotides having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; X is nitrogen or carbon; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof; W is selected from phosphorus, SH, and SeH; and m+n=2 to at least 4. Particular examples of such compounds include

Certain disclosed compounds comprise β-D-locked nucleotides having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; X is nitrogen, carbon, or any combination thereof; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof; W is phosphorus; Z independently is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl, sulfhydryl, and any combination thereof; and m+n=2 to at least 4. Particular examples of such nucleotides include

Yet additional disclosed compounds concern β-D-locked nucleotides having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; X is nitrogen or carbon; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof; W is selected from phosphorus, SH, and SeH; and m+n=2 to at least 4. Particular examples of such nucleotides include

Yet additional disclosed compounds concern β-D-locked nucleotides having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; X is nitrogen, carbon, or any combination thereof; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof; W is phosphorus; and Z independently is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl, sulfhydryl, and any combination thereof; and m+n=2 to at least 4.

Yet additional disclosed compounds alpha locked nucleotides having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; X is nitrogen, carbon, or any combination thereof; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof; W is phosphorus; and Z independently is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl, sulfhydryl, and any combination thereof; and m+n=2 to at least 4.

A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that disclosed compounds can be formulated as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or combinations thereof.

Oligonucleotides comprising the compound/nucleotides/nucleosides described above also are disclosed. For example, certain disclosed oligonucleotides have a first formula

a second formula

a third formula

or a fourth formula.

With reference to these general oligonucleotide formulas, R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R⁴ is a natural or non-natural nucleobase; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof; W is selected from phosphorus, SH, and SeH; the monomer can be selected from deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, O2′-alkylated ribonucleotides, β-locked nucleic acids, α-L-locked nucleic acids, and other conformationally-restricted nucleotides; m+n=2 to at least 4; and p+q is from 2 to about 50.

A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the disclosed compounds/nucleotides/nucleosides, or oligonucleotides comprising one or more of the disclosed compounds can be used as probes. For example, disclosed probes comprise at least one compound having a formula

where R¹ is aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, or metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R³ is selected from a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound, or an oligonucleotide; R⁴ is a nucleobase; the linker is aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, or heteroaryl; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof; and m+n=2 to at least 4.

Pharmaceutical compositions also are disclosed. Certain disclosed pharmaceutical compositions include a compound, or an oligonucleotide comprising the compound, having the first general formula

where the substituents are as stated above. The pharmaceutical composition includes at least a second material selected from carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents, one or more additional active ingredients, bulking agents, disintegrating agents, anti-adherents and glidants, lubricants, binding agents, flavoring agents, and combinations thereof.

Embodiments of a method for making disclosed compounds also are described. One disclosed embodiment for making a first compound having a formula

comprises providing a compound having a formula

This compound is subjected to debenzylation conditions to provide greater than a 98:2 ratio of the debenzylated compound to a second compound. The debenzylation conditions may comprise using a transition metal, such as Pd(OH)₂, an acid, such as acetic acid or formic acid, a solvent, such as a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and methanol, and heat. The method also can include making a second compound having a formula

The method comprises providing the first compound, above. A vinyl substituent is coupled to the nucleobase where the vinyl substituent comprises a

moiety or an R¹-linker moiety. For certain disclosed embodiments the R¹-linker comprises an alkenyl linker, or an alkyne linker. For certain embodiments the vinyl substituent is a vinyl halide (i.e. vinyl iodide, vinyl bromide, vinyl fluoride, and vinyl chloride) or a vinyl triflate. For certain embodiments, coupling the vinyl substituent with the

moiety or the R¹-linker moiety comprises performing a coupling reaction using a transition metal, such as palladium, and in certain embodiments the reaction is a Sonogashira coupling reaction (Sonogoshira, et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 4467-4470).

The alkyne moiety can be converted to a triazole linker. For example, the method may further comprise reacting the alkyne with R¹—N₃ to form a triazole having a formula

Embodiments of a method for detecting a target in a nucleic acid also are disclosed. Certain disclosed embodiments comprise providing a compound having a formula

and contacting a nucleic acid, such as a genomic nucleic acid, a ribonucleic acid, a deoxyribonucleic acid, either single stranded or double stranded, with the compound in a manner effective to detect the target. The method is useful, amongst other things, for detecting a single nucleotide polymorphism. Certain disclosed embodiments include modifying a nucleic acid with the compound, thereby increasing thermal affinity of the nucleic acid, such as increasing the thermal affinity of the nucleic acid by greater than 0° C. to about 15 compared to the thermal affinity of an unmodified nucleic acid. Coupling the compound to the target can also decrease enzymatic degradation relative to an unmodified nucleic acid. Certain examples of targets include, without limitation, HER2, EGFR gene, MET gene, CMYC gene, IGF1R, D5S271, KRAS, TYMS, lipoprotein lipase gene, RB1, p53, N-MYC, CHOP, FUS, FKHR, ALK, Ig heavy chain, CCND1, BCL2, BCL6, AP1, TOP2A, TMPRSS2, ERG, ETV1, EWS, FLI1, PAX3, PAX7, PTEN, AKT2, MYCL1, REL, and CSF1R.

Embodiments of a kit for isolating, purifying, amplifying, detecting, identifying or quantifying a nucleic acid also are disclosed. Such kits typically comprise at least one nucleoside unit having a formula

where the substituents are as stated above. For particular embodiments, the kit comprises disclosed oligonucleotides.

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA phosphoramidite.

FIG. 2 is a NMR spectrum of a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA phosphoramidite.

FIG. 3 is a NMR spectrum of a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA phosphoramidite.

FIG. 4 is a NMR spectrum of a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA phosphoramidite.

FIG. 5 is a NMR spectrum of a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA phosphoramidite.

FIG. 6 is a NMR spectrum of a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA phosphoramidite.

FIG. 7 is a NMR spectrum of a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA phosphoramidite.

FIG. 8 is a NMR spectrum of a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA phosphoramidite.

FIG. 9 is a graph of temperature in ° C. (x-axis) versus absorbance (y-axis) illustrating thermal denaturation curves of duplexes between complementary RNA and reference DNA strand (T), a conventional LNA-containing strand (X), and strands containing disclosed embodiments of β-D-LNA compounds (Y, W, V, and Q).

FIG. 10 is an image of results obtained from using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of a double stranded DNA target, and complexes formed between this target and reference DNA (T), conventional LNA (X1-X4), and a disclosed embodiment of β-D-LNA compound (Y1-Y4).

FIG. 11 is an image of PAGE results illustrating incomplete complex formation between a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA compound (V2-V4) and a dsDNA target.

FIG. 12 is an image of PAGE results illustrating complete complex formation between a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA compound (V2-V4) and a dsDNA target.

FIG. 13 is a graph of temperature in ° C. (x-axis) versus absorbance (y-axis) that illustrates the raw thermal denaturation profile obtained from denaturing triplexes between a dsDNA target and a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA-modified triplex forming oligonucleotide (TFO).

FIG. 14 illustrates the differential thermal denaturation profile obtained from denaturing triplexes between a dsDNA target and a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA-modified TFO.

FIG. 15 illustrates the first derivative of the differential thermal denaturation profile obtained from denaturing triplexes between a dsDNA target and a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA-modified TFO.

FIG. 16 is a graph of time in minutes (x-axis) versus absorbance (y-axis) illustrating the absorption decay profiles for triplexes formed between a dsDNA target and reference DNA TFO (T1) and a dsDNA target, and a disclosed embodiment of a β-D-LNA-modified TFO (Y1-Y4).

FIG. 17 is a graph of temperature in ° C. (x-axis) versus absorbance (y-axis) illustrating the hysteresis profiles for parallel duplex formation by a conventional LNA TFO (X1-X4).

FIG. 18 is a graph of time measured in seconds (x-axis) versus cleavage percentage (y-axis) illustrating exonuclease (SVPDE) degradation of singly modified oligonucleotides (modified with embodiments of β-D-LNA compounds) and a reference DNA strand (T2).

FIG. 19 is a graph of time measured in seconds (x-axis) versus cleavage percentage (y-axis) illustrating exonuclease (SVPDE) degradation of doubly modified oligonucleotides (modified with embodiments of β-D-LNA compounds) and a reference DNA strand (T2).

FIG. 20 is a graph of time measured in seconds (x-axis) versus absorbance (y-axis) illustrating exonuclease (SVPDE) degradation of singly modified oligonucleotides (modified with embodiments of α-L-LNA compounds) and a reference strand (T).

FIG. 21 is a graph of time measured in seconds (x-axis) versus absorbance (y-axis) illustrating exonuclease (SVPDE) degradation of doubly modified oligonucleotide (modified with embodiments of α-L-LNA compounds) and conventional α-L-LNA (X′).

FIG. 22 is a graph of time measured in seconds (x-axis) versus cleavage percentage (y-axis) illustrating exonuclease (SVPDE) degradation of triplexes formed between singly modified oligonucleotide (modified with embodiments of β-D-LNA compounds) and a reference DNA strand (T).

FIG. 23 is a steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum illustrating change in fluorescence intensity upon hybridization of oligonucleotides, modified with compound P, to single stranded DNA targets.

FIG. 24 is a steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum illustrating change in fluorescence intensity upon hybridization of oligonucleotides, modified with compound P′, to single stranded DNA targets.

FIG. 25 is a steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum illustrating change in fluorescence intensity upon hybridization of oligonucleotides, modified with compound P″, to single stranded DNA targets.

FIG. 26 is a steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum illustrating change in fluorescence intensity upon hybridization of oligonucleotides, modified with compound β, to single stranded DNA targets.

FIG. 27 is a steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum illustrating change in fluorescence intensity upon hybridization of oligonucleotides, modified with compound γ, to single stranded DNA targets.

FIG. 28 is a steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum illustrating change in fluorescence intensity upon hybridization of oligonucleotides, modified with compound α, to single stranded DNA targets.

FIG. 29 is a graph of temperature in ° C. (x-axis) versus absorbance (y-axis) that illustrates the thermal denaturation curves for duplexes between oligonucleotides 5-8 and complementary DNA.

FIG. 30 is a graph of temperature in ° C. (x-axis) versus absorbance (y-axis) that illustrates the thermal denaturation curves for duplexes between oligonucleotides 9-12 and complementary DNA.

FIG. 31 is a graph of temperature in ° C. (x-axis) versus absorbance (y-axis) that illustrates the thermal denaturation curves for duplexes between oligonucleotides 13-16 and complementary DNA.

FIG. 32 is a graph of wavelength in nanometers (x-axis) versus relative intensity (y-axis) that illustrates the absorption spectra of oligonucleotide 15 and the duplexes formed between the oligonucleotide and matched or mismatched DNA targets (mismatched nucleotide opposite of incorporation site in parenthesis).

FIG. 33 is a graph of wavelength in nanometers (x-axis) versus absorption (y-axis) that illustrates the absorption spectra of oligonucleotide 7 in the absence or presence of matched or mismatched. DNA targets (mismatched nucleotide opposite of incorporation site in parenthesis).

FIG. 34 illustrates the absorption spectra of oligonucleotide 11 in the absence or presence of matched or mismatched DNA targets (mismatched nucleotide opposite of incorporation site in parenthesis).

FIG. 35 is a graph of wavelength in nanometers (x-axis) versus normalized fluorescence intensity (y-axis) that illustrates the fluorescence excitation spectra of oligonucleotide 7 in the absence or presence of matched or mismatched DNA targets (mismatched nucleotide opposite of incorporation site in parenthesis).

FIG. 36 illustrates the fluorescence excitation spectra of oligonucleotide 11 in the absence or presence of matched or mismatched DNA targets (mismatched nucleotide opposite of incorporation site in parenthesis).

FIG. 37 illustrates the fluorescence excitation spectra of oligonucleotide 15 in the absence or presence of matched or mismatched DNA targets (mismatched nucleotide opposite of incorporation site in parenthesis).

FIG. 38 is a chart illustrating the fluorescence intensities of oligonucleotides 5-8 in the absence (SSPs) or presence of complimentary DNA or mismatched DNA targets.

FIG. 39 is a chart illustrating the fluorescence intensities oligonucleotides 9-12 in the absence (SSPs) or presence of complimentary DNA or mismatched DNA targets.

FIG. 40 is a chart illustrating the fluorescence intensities of oligonucleotides 13-16 in the absence (SSPs) or presence of complimentary DNA or mismatched DNA targets.

FIG. 41 is a graph of wavelength in nanometers (x-axis) versus fluorescence intensity (y-axis) that illustrates the steady state fluorescence spectra of oligonucleotide 7 in the absence or presence of matched or mismatched DNA targets (mismatched nucleotide opposite of incorporation site in parenthesis).

FIG. 42 illustrates the steady state fluorescence spectra of oligonucleotide 11 in the absence or presence of matched or mismatched DNA targets (mismatched nucleotide opposite of incorporation site in parenthesis).

FIG. 43 illustrates the steady state fluorescence spectra of oligonucleotide 15 in the absence or presence of matched or mismatched DNA targets (mismatched nucleotide opposite of incorporation site in parenthesis).

FIG. 44 is a chart illustrating fluorescence intensity of oligonucleotides 6, 10, and 14 in the absence or presence of complementary RNA or mismatched RNA targets for a CBC sequence context.

FIG. 45 is a chart illustrating fluorescence intensity oligonucleotides 8, 12, and 16 in the absence or presence of complementary RNA or mismatched RNA targets for a TBT sequence context.

FIG. 46 is a graph of glycosidic torsion angle measured in degrees (x-axis) versus Gibbs free energy measured in kJ/mol (y-axis) for the free nucleosides of compounds P″, P, and P′.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The nucleic acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequence listing are shown using standard letter abbreviations for nucleotide bases, as defined in 37 C.F.R. 1.822.

The Sequence Listing is submitted as an ASCII text file, Annex C/St.25 text file, created on Sep. 10, 2010, 41 KB, which is incorporated by reference herein.

In the accompanying sequence listing:

SEQ ID NO: 1 is a synthesized nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 2 and 3 are complementary synthesized nucleic acid sequences.

SEQ ID NO: 4 and 5 are complementary synthesized nucleic acid sequences.

SEQ ID NO: 6 is a synthesized nucleic acid sequence used as a target for fluorescence studies.

SEQ ID NO: 7-11 are synthesized nucleic acid sequences modified with disclosed embodiments of β-D- and α-L-LNA compounds.

SEQ ID NO: 12-19 are synthesized nucleic acid sequences modified with disclosed embodiments of β-D-LNA compounds.

SEQ ID NO: 20-23 are synthesized nucleic acid sequences modified with conventional LNA compound X.

SEQ ID NO: 24-26 are synthesized nucleic acid sequences used for fluorescence studies.

SEQ ID NO: 27-30 are synthesized nucleic acid sequences modified with compound P″.

SEQ ID NO: 31-33 are synthesized nucleic acid sequences modified with compound P.

SEQ ID NO: 34-36 are synthesized nucleic acid sequences modified with compound P′.

SEQ ID NO: 37-48 are synthesized nucleic acid sequences modified with disclosed embodiments of α-L-LNA compounds and conventional LNA compound X′.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Terms

Unless otherwise noted, technical terms are used according to conventional usage. Definitions of common terms in molecular biology may be found in Benjamin Lewin, Genes VII, published by Oxford University Press, 2000 (ISBN 019879276X); Kendrew et al. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, published by Blackwell Publishers, 1994 (ISBN 0632021829); and Robert A. Meyers (ed.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference, published by Wiley, John & Sons, Inc., 1995 (ISBN 0471186341); and other similar references.

As used herein, the singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” is intended to include “and” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “comprises” means “includes.” Hence “comprising A or B” means including A, B, or A and B.

A wavy line (“

”) indicates a bond disconnection. A dashed line (“- - -”) illustrates that a bond may be formed at a particular position.

All nucleotide sizes or amino acid sizes, and all molecular weight or molecular mass values, given for nucleic acids or polypeptides or other compounds are approximate, and are provided for description.

Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below.

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including explanations of terms, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

In order to facilitate review of the various examples of this disclosure, the following explanations of specific terms are provided:

Aliphatic: Any open or closed chain molecule, excluding aromatic compounds, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms which are joined by single bonds (alkanes), double bonds (alkenes), or triple bonds (alkynes). This term encompasses substituted aliphatic compounds, saturated aliphatic compounds, and unsaturated aliphatic compounds.

Analog, Derivative or Mimetic: An analog is a molecule that differs in chemical structure from a parent compound, for example a homolog (differing by an increment in the chemical structure, such as a difference in the length of an alkyl chain), a molecular fragment, a structure that differs by one or more functional groups, a change in ionization. Structural analogs are often found using quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR), with techniques such as those disclosed in Remington (The Science and Practice of Pharmacology, 19th Edition (1995), chapter 28). A derivative is a biologically active molecule derived from the base structure. A mimetic is a molecule that mimics the activity of another molecule, such as a biologically active molecule. Biologically active molecules can include chemical structures that mimic the biological activities of a compound.

Aromatic: A term describing conjugated rings having unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals, which exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. It can also be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of resonance.

Aryl: A substantially hydrocarbon-based aromatic compound, or a radical thereof (e.g. C₆H₅) as a substituent bonded to another group, particularly other organic groups, having a ring structure as exemplified by benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, etc. This term also encompasses substituted aryl compounds.

Aryl alkyl: A compound, or a radical thereof (C₇H₇ for toluene) as a substituent bonded to another group, particularly other organic groups, containing both aliphatic and aromatic structures.

Complementary: The natural binding of polynucleotides under permissive salt and temperature conditions by base-pairing. Complementarity may exist when only some of the nucleic acids bind, or when total complementarity exists between the nucleic acids.

Conjugating, joining, bonding or linking: Joining one molecule to another molecule to make a larger molecule. For example, making two polypeptides into one contiguous polypeptide molecule, or covalently attaching a hapten or other molecule to a polypeptide, such as an scFv antibody. In the specific context, the terms include reference to joining a ligand, such as an antibody moiety, to an effector molecule. The linkage can be either by chemical or recombinant means. “Chemical means” refers to a reaction between the antibody moiety and the effector molecule such that there is a covalent bond formed between the two molecules to four one molecule.

Coupled: The term “coupled” means joined together, either directly or indirectly. A first atom or molecule can be directly coupled or indirectly coupled to a second atom or molecule. A secondary antibody provides an example of indirect coupling. Coupling can occur via covalent, non-covalent, and ionic bond formation.

Derivative: In chemistry, a derivative is a compound that is derived from a similar compound or a compound that can be imagined to arise from another compound, for example, if one atom is replaced with another atom or group of atoms. The latter definition is common in organic chemistry. In biochemistry, the word is used for compounds that at least theoretically can be formed from the precursor compound.

Displace (ment) (ed): A reaction in which an atom, radical, or molecule (anionic or neutral) replaces another in a compound.

Double Stranded Nucleic Acid: An oligonucleotide containing a region of two or more nucleotides having a double stranded motif.

Epitope: An antigenic determinant. These are particular chemical groups or contiguous or non-contiguous peptide sequences on a molecule that are antigenic, that is, that elicit a specific immune response.

Fluorescence: The emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation of a different wavelength.

Fluorophore: A functional group of a molecule which causes the molecule to be fluorescent. Typically, the functional group can absorb energy of a specific wavelength and re-emit energy at a different (but equally specific) wavelength.

Heteroaliphatic: An aliphatic group, which contains one or more atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, such as, but not limited to, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, and selenium.

Homology: As used herein, “homology” refers to a degree of complementarity. Partial homology or complete homology can exist. Partial homology involves a nucleic acid sequence that at least partially inhibits an identical sequence from hybridizing to a target nucleic acid.

Homopolymer: This term refers to a polymer formed by the bonding together of multiple units of a single type of molecular species, such as a single monomer (for example, an amino acid).

Isolated: An “isolated” microorganism (such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, or protozoan) has been substantially separated or purified away from microorganisms of different types, strains, or species. Microorganisms can be isolated by a variety of techniques, including serial dilution and culturing.

An “isolated” biological component (such as a nucleic acid molecule, protein or organelle) has been substantially separated or purified away from other biological components in the cell of the organism in which the component naturally occurs, such as other chromosomal and extra-chromosomal DNA and RNA, proteins, and organelles. Nucleic acids and proteins that have been “isolated” include nucleic acids and proteins purified by standard purification methods. The term also embraces nucleic acids and proteins prepared by recombinant expression in a host cell, as well as chemically synthesized nucleic acids or proteins, or fragments thereof.

Leaving Group: A molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons after heterolytic bond cleavage. Leaving groups can be anions or neutral molecules. Common anionic leaving groups can include halides, such as Cl⁻, Br⁻, and I⁻, and sulfonate esters, such as para-toluenesulfonate (TsO⁻), trifluoromethanesulfonate (TfO⁻), Common neutral molecule leaving groups can include H₂O, NH₃, alcohols, and gases (N₂, O₂, CO₂, CO, and SO₂).

Lewis acid: A chemical substance that can accept a pair of electrons from a Lewis base, B, which acts as an electron-pair donor, fooling an adduct, AB as given by the following: A+B→A-B.

Linker: As used herein, a linker is a molecule or group of atoms positioned between two moieties.

Lower alkyl: Any aliphatic chain that contains 1-10 carbon atoms.

Modified: As used herein, “modified” refers to an oligonucleotide that has a non-natural composition, in that it comprises one or more synthetic nucleobases which can pair with a natural base.

Molecule of interest or Target: A molecule for which the presence, location and/or concentration is to be determined. Examples of molecules of interest include proteins and nucleic acid sequences tagged with C5-functionalized locked nucleic acids.

Nucleobase: As used herein, “nucleobase” includes naturally occurring nucleobases as well as non-natural nucleobases. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that nucleobase encompases purine and pyrimidine derivatives, as well as heterocyclic and tautomers thereof.

Nucleophile: A reagent that forms a chemical bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons. A molecule or ion with a free pair of electrons can act as nucleophile.

Nucleotide: Phosphorylated nucleosides are “nucleotides,” which are the molecular building-blocks of DNA and RNA.

Nucleoside: A glycoside of a heterocyclic base. The term “nucleoside” is used broadly as to include non-naturally occurring nucleosides, naturally occurring nucleosides as well as other nucleoside analogues. Illustrative examples of nucleosides are ribonucleosides comprising a ribose moiety as well as deoxyribo-nucleosides comprising a deoxyribose moiety. With respect to the bases of such nucleosides, it should be understood that this may be any of the naturally occurring bases, e.g. adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil, as well as any modified variants thereof or any possible unnatural bases.

Oligonucleotide: A plurality of joined nucleotides joined by native phosphodiester bonds. An oligonucleotide is a polynucleotide of between at least 2 and about 300 nucleotides in length. Typically, an oligonucleotide is a polynucleotide of between about 5 and about 50 nucleotides. An oligonucleotide analog refers to moieties that function similarly to oligonucleotides but have non-naturally occurring portions. For example, oligonucleotide analogs can contain non-naturally occurring portions, such as altered sugar moieties or inter-sugar linkages, such as a phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide. Functional analogs of naturally occurring polynucleotides can bind to RNA or DNA, and include peptide nucleic acid (PNA) molecules.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salt: Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are more soluble in aqueous solutions than the corresponding free acids and bases from which the salts are produced; however, salts having lower solubility than the corresponding free acids and bases from which the salts are produced may also be formed. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are typically counterbalanced with an inorganic base, organic base, or basic amino acid if the salts are positively charged; or the salt is counterbalanced with an inorganic acid, organic acid, or acidic amino acid if they are negatively charged. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be zwitterionic in form. Salts can be formed from cations such as sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, zinc, and from bases such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methyl-glutamine, lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N-benzylphenethylamine, diethylamine, piperazine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Other elements capable of forming salts are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art, e.g. all elements from the main groups I to V of the Periodic Table of the Elements, as well as the elements from the subgroups I to VIII. Any chemical compound recited in this specification may alternatively be administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” are also inclusive of the free acid, base, and. Descriptions of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be found in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts, Properties, Selection and Use, Wiley VCH (2002), which we herein incorporate by reference.

Polypeptide: A polymer in which the monomers are amino acid residues that are joined together through amide bonds. When the amino acids are α-amino acids, either the L-optical isomer or the D-optical isomer can be used. The terms “polypeptide” or “protein” as used herein are intended to encompass any amino acid sequence and include modified sequences such as glycoproteins. The term “polypeptide” is specifically intended to cover naturally occurring proteins, as well as those which are recombinantly or synthetically produced.

The term “residue” or “amino acid residue” includes reference to an amino acid that is incorporated into a protein, polypeptide, or peptide.

Protecting Group: A moiety that can be introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group. Protecting groups often are used to protect one functional group in order to obtain chemoselectivity in a chemical reaction with a different functional group. Suitable protecting groups are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can include aryl groups, aliphatic groups, heteroaliphatic groups, heteroaryl groups.

Protein: A molecule, particularly a polypeptide, comprised of amino acids.

Purified: The term “purified” does not require absolute purity; rather, it is intended as a relative term. Thus, for example, a purified compound is one that is isolated in whole or in part from other contaminants. Generally, substantially purified peptides, proteins, conjugates, or other active compounds for use within the disclosure comprise more than 80% of all macromolecular species present in a preparation prior to admixture or formulation of the peptide, protein, conjugate or other active compound with a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient, buffer, absorption enhancing agent, stabilizer, preservative, adjuvant or other co-ingredient in a complete pharmaceutical formulation for therapeutic administration. More typically, the peptide, protein, conjugate or other active compound is purified to represent greater than 90%, often greater than 95% of all macromolecular species present in a purified preparation prior to admixture with other formulation ingredients. In other cases, the purified preparation may be essentially homogeneous, wherein other macromolecular species are not detectable by conventional techniques.

Quantum Yield: A measure of the efficiency of the fluorescence process. The “quantum yield” of a radiation-induced process indicates the number of times that a defined event occurs per photon absorbed by the system.

Reactive Groups: Formulas throughout this application refer to “reactive groups,” which can be any of a variety of groups suitable for undergoing a chemical transformation as described herein. For example, the reactive group might be an amine-reactive group, such as an isothiocyanate, an isocyanate, an acyl azide, an NHS ester, an acid chloride, such as sulfonyl chloride, aldehydes and glyoxals, epoxides and oxiranes, carbonates, arylating agents, imidoesters, carbodiimides, anhydrides, and combinations thereof. Suitable thiol-reactive functional groups include haloacetyl and alkyl halides, maleimides, aziridines, acryloyl derivatives, arylating agents, thiol-disulfide exchange reagents, such as pyridyl disulfides, TNB-thiol, and disulfide reductants, and combinations thereof. Suitable carboxylate-reactive functional groups include diazoalkanes, diazoacetyl compounds, carbonyldiimidazole compounds, and carbodiimides. Suitable hydroxyl-reactive functional groups include epoxides and oxiranes, carbonyldiimidazole, N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonates or N-hydroxysuccinimidyl chloroformates, periodate oxidizing compounds, enzymatic oxidation, alkyl halogens, and isocyanates. Aldehyde and ketone-reactive functional groups include hydrazines, Schiff bases, reductive amination products, Mannich condensation products, and combinations thereof. Active hydrogen-reactive compounds include diazonium derivatives, Mannich condensation products, iodination reaction products, and combinations thereof. Photoreactive chemical functional groups include aryl azides, halogenated aryl azides, benzophonones, diazo compounds, diazirine derivatives, and combinations thereof.

Sample: A biological specimen from a subject, such as might contain genomic DNA, RNA (including mRNA), protein, or combinations thereof. Examples include, but are not limited to, peripheral blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy, surgical specimen, amniocentesis samples and autopsy material.

Single nucleotide polymorphism: A nucleic acid sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome (or other shared sequence) differs between members of a species or paired chromosomes in an individual. For example, two sequenced nucleic acid fragments from different individuals, AAGCCTA to AAGCTTA, contain a difference in a single nucleotide.

Substantially complementary: As used herein, “substantially complementary refers to the oligonucleotides of the disclosed methods that are at least about 50% homologous to target nucleic acid sequence they are designed to detect, more preferably at least about 60%, more preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 90%, more preferably at least about 90%, more preferably at least about 95%, most preferably at least about 99%.

Transition metal: Any of the metallic elements within Groups 3 to 12 in the Periodic Table that have an incomplete inner electron shell and that serve as transitional links between the most and the least electropositive in a series of elements.

II. Introduction

Disclosed embodiments concern the synthesis and use of oligonucleotides modified with one or more C5- or C8-functionalized pyrimidine β-D-Locked Nucleic Acids (LNA) or C5- or C8-functionalized pyrimidine α-L-LNA building blocks. These modified oligonucleotides have a variety of applications, including applications within nucleic acid based therapeutics, diagnostics and nanosciences, particularly for applications that target single stranded DNA, single stranded RNA or double stranded DNA. These oligonucleotides exhibit high thermal affinity toward complementary single stranded DNA, single stranded DNA or double stranded DNA strands, along with high mismatch discrimination and/or significantly improved stability against nucleases. The nature of the C5-substituent of these building blocks influences cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide probes and their pharmacokinetics. These oligonucleotide probes are useful for modulating gene expression via the antisense/antigene/siRNA strategies or as miRNA antagonists/decoy oligonucleotides/DNAzymes/ribozymes, and for specific and sensitive detection of nucleic acid targets. Furthermore, when the functional moiety at the C5- or C8-position of C5- or C8-functionalized LNA or α-L-LNA building blocks is a chromophore, such as a fluorescent group, pronounced changes in output signals are observed upon hybridization to complementary single stranded DNA/RNA targets, with excellent discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Oligonucleotides modified with one or more C5- or C8-functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA compounds allow the generation of isolated/grouped/patterned/arrayed moieties in the grooves of nucleic acid complexes, for applications in material science.

III. C5-Functionalized Locked Nucleic Acid Compounds

A variety of conformationally restricted C5-functionalized nucleotides are presented. Disclosed embodiments have a general formula illustrated below.

With respect to Formula 1, R¹ can be selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, thiol, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes. R² can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, a heteroatom-containing compound, such as a phosphorus-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound. R³ can be selected from hydrogen, a heteroatom-containing compound, such as a phosphorus-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound. R⁴ is a nucleobase selected from natural or non-natural nucleobases. The linker moiety can be selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl. Y can be selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; and m+n=2 to 4.

In certain embodiments, R¹ can be selected from ether, carbonyl, nitrile, disulfide, thioether, amine, amino acid, aminoglycoside, carbohydrate, fluorophores, nucleosides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, peptides, intercalators, lipidoids, sterols, porphyrins, proteins, and vitamins In particular embodiments, R¹ can be selected from amide, ester, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone, spermine derivatives, guanidine groups, spin labels, electrochemical probes, fatty acids, glycerols, glycols, polyethylene glycol, redox active FRET labels, and ferrocene derivatives. Even more typically, R¹ can be selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, thiol, primary amine, biotin, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, fluorescein, rhodamine, cyanine, pyrene, perylene, coronene, adamantine, acridine, phenantroline, diphenylphosphorylazide, HIV Tat fragment, transportan, cholesterol, lithocolic-oleyl, myristoyl, docosanyl, lauroyl, stearoyl, palmitoyl, oleoyl, and linoleoyl, dihydrotestosterone, lithocholic acid, folic acid, and vitamin E.

Particular embodiments concern compounds satisfying one or more of general Formulas 2-5 provided below.

With reference to Formulas 2-5, R¹-R³ are as recited above. X is nitrogen or carbon (with reference to Formula 2), or X is nitrogen, carbon or any combination thereof (with reference to Formulas 3-5), and Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, and N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl. Z is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof.

With reference to Formulas 6-9, R¹, R², X, Y, Z, and W are as recited above. Particular working embodiments include phosphoramidite compounds. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the disclosed phosphoramidite compounds can be converted to nucleosides, and these compounds are claimed herein. Particular working embodiments are illustrated below.

Particular embodiments have structures illustrated below.

With reference to Formulas 10-13, R¹, R², X, Y, and Z are as recited above. W can be selected from phosphorus, SH, and SeH. Particular working embodiments are phosphorylated compounds. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the disclosed phosphorylated compounds can be converted to nucleosides, and these compounds are claimed herein. Particular embodiments are illustrated below.

Certain embodiments concern compounds having an alkyne moiety as a linker, which binds the nucleobase to the R¹ moiety. Compounds having an alkyne have a general formula illustrated below. With reference to Formulas 14-17, R¹, R², R³, X, Y, and Z are as recited above.

Other embodiments concern compounds having a triazole moiety as a linker. The triazole moiety may be formed from reacting an alkyne precursor with an azide-containing compound. In certain embodiments, the azide-containing compound can be attached to the nucleobase, in which case it undergoes intermolecular reaction with a separate alkyne moiety. Particular embodiments have the alkyne attached to the nucleobase, in which case the alkyne will undergo an intermolecular reaction with a separate azide moiety. Compounds containing triazole linkers have general formulas 18-25, illustrated below. With reference to Formulas 14-17, R¹, R², R³, X, Y, and Z are as recited above.

Particular working embodiments are phosphoramidite compounds or phosphorylated compounds. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the disclosed phosphoramidite compounds and/or phosphorylated compounds can be converted to nucleosides, and these compounds are claimed herein. Particular working embodiments are illustrated below.

Disclosed embodiments concern the use of C5- or C8-functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA compounds to form oligonucleotides. Particular embodiments can be incorporated into a sequence containing at least two nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides. More typically, the C5- or C8-functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA compounds will be combined with at least one unmodified nucleotide to about 49 unmodified nucleotides or with at least one C5- or C8-functionalized LNA and/or C5- or C8-functionalized α-L-LNA nucleotide to 100 percent of the number nucleotides present in the oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotides comprising particular embodiments of C5- or C8-functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA have the following general formulas.

With reference to Formulas 26-29, R¹, R⁴, W, Y, m, and n are as defined above, Z is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl (an anions thereof), sulfhydryl (and anions thereof), and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ independently is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl; p can be from 1 to about 50 percent of the value of q, and q can be from 1 to about 49. More typically, the value of q+p ranges from about 9 to about 35. Even more particularly, q+p ranges from about 8 to about 25. The monomer can be selected from deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, O2′-alkylated ribonucleotides, locked nucleic acids, α-L-locked nucleic acids, and other conformationally-restricted nucleotides.

IV. Method for Making Locked Nucleic Acid Analogs

Disclosed embodiments concern the synthesis of C5- or C8-functionalized locked nucleic acids. The disclosed methods can be used to synthesize a variety of C5- or C8-functionalized locked nucleic acids.

A. C5- or C8-Functionalized α-L-LNA Compounds

Scheme 1 illustrates the synthesis of α-L-locked nucleic acids. With reference to Scheme 1, Y is a heteroatom moiety; P is a heteroatom protecting group; B is a nucleobase, and LG is a leaving group capable of being displaced by a nucleophile. In particular embodiments, Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl. P is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic and heteroaryl (more typically, P is selected from, but is not limited to, acetyl, benzyl, benzoyl, methoxyethoxymethyl ether, methoxymethyl ether, p-methoxybenzyl, methylthiomethyl ether, pivaloyl, tetrahydropyranyl, trityl, and silyl ether). B can be selected from natural and non-natural nucleobases, with particular examples including adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. LG can be selected from halides, sulfonyls, carbonyls, amides, sulfonates, and phosphonates; more typically, LG is selected from mesyl (Ms), tosyl (Ts), besoyl (Bs), and triflate (OTf).

According to Scheme 1, furanose 2 (which can be obtained from commercially available material) is transformed to a nucleobase-substituted furanose 4 by reaction with a nucleobase and a Lewis acid. The Lewis acid can be selected from, but is not limited to, TMSOTf, BF₃.OEt₂, AlCl₃, SnCl₄, and Ti(OiPr)₄.

Upon addition of the nucleobase, the furanose ring can be further manipulated to form a locked nucleic acid. The Y2′ protecting group can be removed using methods known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, such as those disclosed in Greene (“Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, Wiley-Interscience; 4^(th) edition, Oct. 30, 2006), which is incorporated herein by reference. Particular embodiments use an acid in a protonated solvent, such as HCl in MeOH. The deprotected Y2′ group can then be converted to a leaving group using methods known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, such as a sulfonate-containing reagent and a base. For example, the sulfonate-containing reagent can be methanesulfonate, tosyl chloride, or trifluoromethylsulfonyl anhydride. The base can be selected from hydroxide bases selected from, but not limited to, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and cesium hydroxide. Once the bicycle has been formed, the remaining leaving group at C4′ is displaced and subsequently deprotected to provide bicycle 12.

Scheme 2 illustrates the formation of a C5-functionalized, locked nucleic acid precursor 22. With reference to Scheme 2, X is nitrogen or carbon and Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, and N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl. P is a heteroatom protecting group and V is selected from halogen (such as Cl, Br, F, and I) or a triflate (OTf).

As illustrated in Scheme 2, Y3′ deprotection, followed by Y4′ protection can provide an intermediate capable of undergoing olefin functionalization. An olefin of the nucleobase can be functionalized using any reagents known to a person of ordinary skill in the art to elicit halogenation or oxygenation, such as electrophilic halogenation and/or oxidation reagents. Examples of halogenation reagents include, but are not limited to, 12, n-iodosuccinimide, Cl₂, oxalyl chloride, thionyl chloride, n-chlorosuccinimide, n-chlorophthalimide, Br₂, n-bromoacetamide, n-bromophthalimide, n-bromosuccinimide, n-fluorobenznesulfonimide, 1-1′-difluoro-2,2′-bipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate), 1-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-fluoro-2,6-dichloropyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-fluoropyridinium pyridine heptafluorodiborate, 1-fluoropyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, and 2,6-dichloro-1-fluoro-pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate. Examples of oxygenation reagents include m-chloroperbenzoic acid, dimethyldioxirane, titanium isopropoxide or vanadium acetyl acetone in combination with tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide. The functionalized olefin 22 is an intermediate that can be functionalized with various substituents to provide a wide number of C5-functionalized locked nucleic acids.

Scheme 3 illustrates particular embodiments in which the nucleobase can be selected from a purine, a purine analog, a pyrimidine, or a pyrimidine analog, thus forming additional inter mediates for the formation of C5- or C8-functionalized locked nucleic acids. With reference to Scheme 3, X is nitrogen, carbon or any combination thereof, and Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, and N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl. Z is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and any combination thereof. P is a heteroatom protecting group and V is selected from halogen (such as Cl, Br, F, and I) or a triflate (OTf). A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that similar conditions to those described for Scheme 2 can be utilized with the compounds illustrated in Scheme 3.

Scheme 4 illustrates one embodiment of a method for functionalization of the C5 position. Functionalized olefin 22 can undergo a transition metal-mediated coupling reaction to provide an intermediate 30, comprising a linker and R¹ moiety. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the linker may have the R¹ moiety bound to it before the coupling reaction, or that the R¹ substituent may be bound subsequently. Typical conditions for this transformation comprise using a transition metal catalyst, such as Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ or Pd(PPh₃)₄; a metal co-catalyst, typically selected from Cu(I) salts (such as CuI and CuBr); a coupling partner, typically selected from conjugated alkynes having a formula H≡R¹, where R¹ can be selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, and silyl moieties; a base, typically an amine, selected from diethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, and dicyclohexylamine. After coupling of the linker moiety, the Y3′ moiety can be protected using methods known to a person of ordinary skill in the art to be effective for protecting secondary alcohols, such as those described in Greene (“Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, Wiley-Interscience; 4^(th) edition, Oct. 30, 2006).

Scheme 5 illustrates particular embodiments in which the nucleobase can be selected from a purine, a purine analog, a pyrimidine, or a pyrimidine analog, thus forming additional C5- or C8-functionalized locked nucleic acids. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that similar conditions to those described for Scheme 4 can be utilized with the compounds illustrated in Scheme 5.

Scheme 6 illustrates the incorporation of C5- or C8-modified α-L-LNA compounds into a DNA backbone. The wavy line indicates that W is bound to other monomers of the particular sequence. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that compounds 39 can be coupled with another C5- or C8-modified LNA compound, an unmodified monomer or any combination thereof. The C5- or C8-functionalized locked nucleic acid compounds unit 39 can be converted to oligomers by removing the Y3′ protecting group and converting it to a phosphate backbone which connects compounds 39 with other monomers in the sequence. In addition, the protecting group of Y4′ can be removed to provide another location to which other monomers of the sequence can attach. Standard conditions for this transformation were employed, such as those known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, including using a DNA synthesizer. Conditions used for the conversion of particular embodiments can include using an activator, such as an imidazole, triazole, or tetrazole compound and an oxidant, such as a peroxide compound. Particular embodiments utilize dicyanoimidazole as the activator. Examples of peroxide compounds include, but are not limited to, hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide.

A working embodiment of the current method is illustrated below in Scheme 7.

Following the procedure described by Wengel et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 2164-2176), compound 40 was converted to nucleoside 42 in 85% yield. The O2′ acetate protecting group is removed under acidic conditions using hydrochloric acid in methanol to provide the free hydroxyl moiety 44 in 97%. O2′ mesylate formation and subsequent displacement using sodium hydroxide provides the desired bicycle 48 in quantitative yield.

Scheme 8 illustrates the formation of a particular embodiment. The mesylate moiety of bicycle 50 can be displaced using sodium benzoate in dimethylformamide to afford benzoyl-protected 52. The benzoate protecting group can then subsequently be removed using ammonia in methanol to provide 54. The O3′ benzyl protecting group can also be removed using acetic acid with palladium hydroxide on carbon to provide compound 58. These conditions provide the desired diol in good yield, with minimal formation of undesired by-products.

Scheme 9 represents one embodiment wherein the nucleobase can be halogenated in preparation for further C5 functionalization. Bicycle 58 can be protected, such as with as an acetate moiety using acetic anhydride and pyridine. The uracil moiety may be subsequently iodinated using I₂, ceric ammonium nitrate and acetic acid, providing iodide 62 in 80% yield. After deprotection of the acetate moiety using ammonia in methanol, the primary hydroxyl group of iodide 62 can be protected, such as with a dimethoxytrityl protecting group.

Scheme 10 illustrates manipulation of vinyl iodide 62 to append a variety of R¹-functionalized alkyne linkers, thus providing an efficient route to a variety of C5-functionalized, locked nucleic acids. The vinyl iodide undergoes a Sonogashira coupling reaction using palladium tetrakis, a functionalized alkyne, copper iodide, and triethylamine in dimethylformamide at room temperature. In particular embodiments, the alkyne is functionalized with a trimethyl silyl group (62a), which can subsequently be removed to provide a terminal alkyne 62b. Once the alkyne linker has been attached to the nucleobase, the free C3′ hydroxyl group can be protected with a protecting group, such as a phosphoramidite moiety. The phosphoramidite protecting group can be converted to a phosphate group and/or phosphate backbone through the use of a DNA synthesizer. Typical conditions for this transformation include using 4,5-dicyanoimidazole as an activator, followed by oxidation to provide stepwise coupling yields of greater that 95%. Scheme 10 illustrates the synthesis of a number of C5-functionalized, locked nucleic acids.

B. C5- or C8-Functionalized β-D-LNA Compounds

Scheme 11 illustrates the synthesis of β-D-locked nucleic acids. With reference to Scheme 11, Y is a heteroatom moiety; P is a heteroatom protecting group; B is a nucleobase, and LG is a leaving group capable of being displaced by a nucleophile. In particular embodiments, Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl. P is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic and heteroaryl (more typically, P is selected from, but is not limited to, acetyl, benzyl, benzoyl, methoxyethoxymethyl ether, methoxymethyl ether, p-methoxybenzyl, methylthiomethyl ether, pivaloyl, tetrahydropyranyl, trityl, and silyl ether). B can be selected from non-natural and natural nucleobases, including adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. LG can be selected from sulfonyls, carbonyls, amides, sulfonates, and phosphonates; more typically, LG is selected from mesyl (Ms), tosyl (Ts), besoyl (Bs), triflate (OTf), and halides (Cl, F, Br, I).

According to Scheme 11, furanose 2 (which can be obtained from commercially available material) is transformed to a nucleobase-substituted furanose 4 by reaction with a nucleobase and a Lewis acid. The Lewis acid can be selected from, but is not limited to, TMSOTf, BF₃.OEt₂, AlCl₃, and Ti(OiPr)₄.

Upon addition of the nucleobase, the furanose ring can be further manipulated to form a locked nucleic acid. Tandem deprotection and cyclization to produce bicycle 74 can be accomplished using basic conditions, wherein the base typically is a metal hydroxide, such as, but not limited to, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and cesium hydroxide. Once the bicycle has been formed, the remaining C4′ substituent can be manipulated to provide a deprotected moiety, followed by subsequent deprotection of the C3′ functional group.

Scheme 12 illustrates the formation of a C5-functionalized locked nucleic acid precursor. The olefin of the nucleobase can be functionalized using methods described for the α-series. After functionalization, the remaining C4′ functional group can be protected in order to produce functionalized olefin 82. The vinyl halide 84 is an intermediate that can be functionalized with various substituents to provide a wide number of C5-functionalized locked nucleic acids.

Scheme 13 illustrates particular embodiments in which the nucleobase can be selected from a purine, a purine analog, a pyrimidine, or a pyrimidine analog, thus producing intermediates for forming additional C5- or C8-functionalized locked nucleic acids. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that similar conditions to those described for Scheme 12 can be utilized with the compounds illustrated in Scheme 13.

Scheme 14 illustrates the further functionalization of the C5 position. Nucleoside 84 can undergo a transition metal-mediated coupling reaction to provide a functionalized intermediate 86, comprising a linker and an R¹ moiety. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the linker may have the R¹ moiety bound to it before the coupling reaction, or that the R¹ substituent may be bound subsequently. Typical conditions for this metal-mediated coupling reaction comprise a transition metals catalyst; typically, Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ or Pd(PPh₃)₄; a metal co-catalyst, typically selected from Cu(I) salts (such as CuI and CuBr); a coupling partner, typically selected from conjugated alkynes having a formula H≡R¹, where R¹ can be selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, and silyl moieties; a base selected from diethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, and dicyclohexylamine. After appendage of the linker moiety, the O3′ can be protected using methods known to a person of ordinary skill in the art to be effective for protecting secondary alcohols, such as those described in Greene (“Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, Wiley-Interscience; edition, Oct. 30, 2006). Particular embodiments having different nucleobases are illustrated below.

Scheme 15 illustrates particular embodiments in which the nucleobase can be selected from a purine, purine analog, a pyrimidine, or a pyrimidine analog, thus forming additional C5- or C8-functionalized locked nucleic acids. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that similar conditions to those described for Scheme 14 can be utilized with the compounds illustrated in Scheme 15.

Scheme 16 illustrates an alternate route that can also be utilized to form C5-functionalized locked nucleic acids. This synthetic route begins with an unprotected moiety at C4′. Functionalized olefin 90 can undergo a transition metal-mediated coupling with a functionalized alkyne to give the coupled product 92, as described above. Subsequently, the C4′ and the C3′ functional groups can be protected with appropriate protecting groups. This alternate route can be utilized with the purine and pyrimidine analogs illustrated in Scheme 15. The C5- or C8-functionalized locked nucleic acid compounds can be converted to oligomers, such as by using a DNA synthesizer, where the O3′ protecting group is removed and converted to a phosphate backbone.

Scheme 17 illustrates a particular embodiment of the current method. Following Koshkin's general route (Koshkin et al. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 8504-8512) treatment of the anomeric mixture of furanose 94 (obtained using the procedure described by Lomholt, et. al., Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 2002, 4.12.1-4.12.16) with persilylated uracil and trimethylsilyl triflate in refluxing acetonitrile initially afforded desired β-nucleoside 96 via anchimeric assistance in a moderate 65% yield. Decreasing the reaction temperature to 60° C. improved the reaction yield to 90% after purification by column chromatography. Treatment of β-nucleoside 96 with aqueous sodium hydroxide in 1,4-dioxane resulted in efficient tandem O2′-deacylation and O2′,C4′-ring closure to afford bicycle 98 in 97% yield. Treatment of bicycle 98 with sodium benzoate in DMF at 90° C. resulted in nucleophilic displacement of the O5′-mesylate group to furnish O5′-benzoate 100 (97%), which was hydrolyzed using ammonia in methanol to provide alcohol 102 in 95% yield.

Scheme 18 illustrates the removal of the O3′ benzyl group. Utilization of previously established hydrogenolysis conditions from Imanishi, T. et. al. (Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2001, 9, 1001-1011) to remove the benzyl protecting group repeatedly afforded mixtures (30:70 ratio by 1H NMR) of desired LNA uracil nucleoside 106 and by-product 108 in which the C5-C6 double bond of the nucleobase was reduced. The tentative assignment of the reduced by-product was based on mass spectra (FAB-HRMS m/z 259.0945 ([M+H]⁺, C₁₀H₁₄N₂O₆H+, calcd 259.0925)) and on key signals in 1H and COSY NMR spectra including an internally coupling multiplet at 3.26-3.51 ppm (integration of four) arising from H5/H6-protons and a broad exchangeable singlet at 10.26 ppm from the nucleobase imino proton. Numerous debenzylation conditions, summarized in Table 1, were accordingly screened to prevent nucleobase reduction. Debenzylation under strongly acidic conditions, such as 1 M boron trichloride in CH₂Cl₂ (entry 2), or methanesulfonic acid 18 (entry 3), was anticipated to render the C5-C6 olefin bond of the uracil moiety unharmed. These conditions failed to afford desired diol 106, most likely as a consequence of ether bond cleavage between O2′-C5′ and/or cleavage of the glycosidic bond as very polar products were observed (results not shown). Although a change of catalyst to Pearlman's catalyst (20% Pd(OH)₂/C) afforded a remarkably improved ratio in favor of desired diol 106 relative to the original conditions, unacceptable levels of reduced by-product were still observed (entry 4). Catalyst poisoning with pyridine did not improve yield and selectivity (entry 5), nor did the use of catalytic transfer hydrogenation conditions with ammonium formate as hydrogen donor (entry 6). Gratifyingly, changing to 88% formic acid as a hydrogen donor in concert with 20% Pd(OH)₂/C as catalyst and THF/MeOH (9:1, v/v) as reaction solvent, in addition to desired diol 106, only resulted in traces of by-product 108 in the crude. After separation of the by-product during column chromatography, desired LNA uracil diol 106 was afforded in 91% yield, pure by ¹H NMR.

TABLE 1 Debenzylation conditions for conversion of 5 into desired LNA uracil diol 6 Ratio Entry Conditions (106:108)^(a) 1 10% Pd/C, H2, MeOH, rt 30:70 2 1M BCl3 (5 equiv), CH2Cl2, −78° C. for 3 h, then rt — 3 MeSO₃H, CHCl₃, rt — 4 20% Pd(OH)₂/C, H₂, THF/MeOH (9:1, v/v), rt 85:15 5 20% Pd(OH)₂/C, H₂, pyridine (0.5 equiv), THF/MeOH  5:95 (9:1, v/v), rt 6 20% Pd(OH)₂/C, HCOONH₄ (3.5 equiv), MeOH, heat 60:40 7 20% Pd(OH)₂/C, 88% HCOOH, THF/MeOH >98:2  (9:1, v/v), heat ^(a)Estimated from 1H NMR of crude products

Scheme 19 represents one embodiment wherein the nucleobase can be halogenated in preparation for further C5 functionalization. Bicycle 106 can be protected as an acetate moiety, such as by using acetic anhydride and pyridine. In a particular embodiment, the uracil moiety of compound 106 may be subsequently iodinated using I₂, ceric ammonium nitrate and acetic acid, providing iodide 110 in 80% yield. Upon iodination, the primary hydroxyl group of iodide 110 can be protected, such as with a dimethoxytrityl protecting group using dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT-Cl) and pyridine, providing compound 112.

Scheme 20 illustrates manipulation of vinyl iodide 112 to couple a variety of alkyne linkers, thus providing an efficient route to a variety of C5-functionalized locked nucleic acids. The vinyl iodide can undergo a Sonogashira coupling reaction using palladium tetrakis [Pd(PPh₃)₄], a functionalized alkyne, copper iodide (Cup, and triethyl amine (Et₃N) in dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature. In particular embodiments, the alkyne is functionalized with a trimethyl silyl group, which can subsequently be removed to provide a terminal alkyne. FIG. 1 illustrates the mass spectrum obtained for the desilylated LNA compound. Other exemplary R¹ groups are illustrated in Scheme 20 and their corresponding nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra are illustrated in FIGS. 2-4. FIGS. 5-8 are additional NMR spectra of other working embodiments disclosed herein. Once the alkyne linker has been attached to the nucleobase, the free C3′ hydroxyl group can be protected with a protecting group, such as a phosphoramidite moiety, providing compound 118. The phosphoramidite protecting group can be converted to a phosphate group and/or phosphate backbone, such as by using a DNA synthesizer. Standard conditions for this transformation were employed, except for extended coupling (15 min, using 4,5-dicyanoimidazole as activator) and oxidation times (45 sec), resulting in stepwise coupling yields of >95% for the LNA compounds. The composition and purity (>80%) was verified by MALDI-TOF MS analysis (FIGS. 2-5) and RPHPLC, respectively.

Scheme 21 illustrates an alternative route that can be used to synthesize C5-functionalized locked nucleic acids. The vinyl iodide 112 is first coupled to the alkyne linker 114 using Sonogashira coupling conditions, followed by subsequent protection of the O4′ hydroxyl group with DMT-Cl, providing compound 118.

V. Biological Properties of C5- or C8-Functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA

Antisense oligonucleotides (ONs) are useful as fundamental research tools and therapeutic agents against diseases of genetic origin due to their ability to modulate gene expression by interfering with target RNA (S. T. Crooke, “Antisense Drug Technology—Principles, Strategies, and Applications,” 2nd ed; CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2008, pp. 3-46). Introduction of chemically modified nucleotides into antisense ONs is crucial to increase binding affinity toward RNA targets, improve discrimination of mismatched RNA to avoid off-target effects, and enhance stability against nucleases to slow down degradation. The use of conformationally restricted nucleotides, Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) in particular, has to some extent addressed these challenges. Substantial efforts have been invested to develop LNA analogs with even more desirable biophysical properties and reduced hepatotoxicity (Imanishi et. al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2003, 11, 2211-2226). These studies have primarily focused on modification of the oxymethylene bridge spanning the C2′- and C4′-positions and/or introduction of minor-groove oriented substituents into the bridge. In general, improvements in hybridization properties relative to LNA have not yet been observed. The working embodiments disclosed herein overcome this shortcoming.

A. Modulation of thermal affinity toward matched, single stranded DNA/RNA targets or double stranded DNA targets.

Certain embodiments can be used to modify oligonucleotides and modulate affinity towards single stranded DNA/RNA targets or double stranded DNA targets (dsDNA). Compounds of C5- or C8-functionalized locked nucleic acids can be incorporated into oligonucleotides using a DNA synthesizer, as previously described. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that oligonucleotides can contain from two nucleotides to at least 300 of nucleotides. Particular embodiments utilize oligonucleotides having from about 5 to about 50 nucleotides; more typically from about 8 to 35 nucleotides. Particular embodiments can be tested against unmodified reference strands, as well as reference strands modified with commercially available LNA thymidine phosphoramidite (Wengel et. al. Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630).

1. Single Stranded DNA/RNA Targets

Particular embodiments of the disclosed method concern determining the thermal affinity of modified nucleic acids with complementary nucleic acid strands. Strong thermal affinity can be an indication of strong binding between the modified and complementary strands, which can be a valuable property exploited in biological applications. These applications are discussed subsequently. One or more C5- or C8-functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA compounds can be incorporated into an oligonucleotide, and changes in thermal affinity can be determined For example, the thermal affinity of these modified oligonucleotides can be compared with thermal affinity values obtained from oligonucleotides comprising one or more reference DNA monomers and/or one or more conventional LNA monomers. Thermal affinity can be determined by any method known to a person of ordinary skill in the art to involve denaturation of an unmodified or modified nucleic acid and its complement DNA or RNA strand.

Particular embodiments of the disclosed method concern using UV thermal denaturation experiments, which can be used to determine the stability of the secondary structure of nucleic acids. The modified and reference DNA/RNA duplexes are heated to a temperature effective to cause dissociation of 50% of the duplex into the respective single strands, which is herein referred to as T_(m). T_(m) values for (C5- or C8-functionalized LNA or α-L-LNA)-modified DNA/RNA strands can range from greater than 0° C. to about 95° C.; more typically the T_(m) ranges from about 15° C. to about 60° C. Particular embodiments exhibited increased T_(m) values as compared to the T_(m) for unmodified DNA/RNA. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that this increase in T_(m) values for modified DNA/RNA is likely to be sequence specific; however, certain embodiments of (C5- or C8-functionalized LNA or α-L-LNA)-modified DNA strands, comprising from about 5 to about 50 nucleotides, can exhibit an increase in T_(m) ranging from greater than 0° C. to about 15° C. as compared to unmodified DNA strands. Representative thermal denaturation curves of particular embodiments are illustrated in FIG. 9, which illustrates denaturation curves of duplexes formed between C5- or C8-functionalized LNA compounds Q, V, W, Y and complementary RNA, as well as duplexes formed between complementary RNA and conventional LNA monomer X and reference DNA monomer T. FIG. 9 illustrates that increases in temperature will result in increases (and ultimate leveling-off) of absorbance, therefore indicating the progressive and denaturation of the duplexes.

Table 2 provides data obtained from particular embodiments utilized in UV thermal denaturation experiments. According to Table 2, C5-LNA compounds Y, O, and V illustrated increased T_(m) values as compared to unmodified DNA T_(m) values. Particular embodiments include C5-LNAs wherein the alkynyl linker is attached to a hydrogen atom or CH₂X, where X is selected from hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, phosphine, or amine. Incorporation of particular embodiments, such as C5-acetylene or C5-propargylamine-functionalized LNA uridine compounds, resulted in dramatic duplex stabilization with RNA complements with increases in thermal denaturation temperatures (T_(m)-values) ranging from 8.5° C. to 13.0° C. relative to the unmodified DNA strand (Table 2). Introduction of the C5-propargylamine LNA compound, therefore, results in approximately a 3° C. additional increase in thermal affinity relative to the corresponding LNA strands (Table 2).

Particular embodiments utilize C5-LNAs comprising a hydrophobic moiety at the C5 position. Certain embodiments comprise steroidal components, such as cholesterol or stearic acid appended to the C5 position via a functionalized alkyne linker. Introduction of hydrophobic units, such as steroids and fatty acids, into ONs has been demonstrated to improve cellular uptake of ONs (Unverzagt, et. al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 4975-4977; Stoffel, et. al. Nat. Biotechnol. 2007, 25, 1149-1157). Considering the bulk of the substituent, singly modified C5-stearic acid functionalized LNA results in remarkable stabilization of duplexes with RNA complements (ΔT_(m)=+2.5 to +4.0° C., Table 2). While these T_(m) values are less than those obtained from conventional LNA-functionalized strands, the values are increased as compared to unmodified DNA, which a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize as a commercially important difference. The even bulkier C5-cholesterol LNA exhibits slightly decreased thermal affinity relative to unmodified DNA (ΔT_(m)=−2.0 to 0° C., Table 2). These data suggest that the LNA-skeleton is partially compensating for the energetic penalty arising from positioning hydrophobic substituents in the polar major groove. Conversely, introduction of two hydrophobic C5-functionalized LNA compounds as next-nearest neighbors into ONs is detrimental for duplex formation, presumably due to steric crowding and/or unfavorable hydrophobic interactions; however, a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that does not preclude duplex formation of oligonucleotides comprising two or more hydrophobic compounds that are not next-nearest neighbors.

Legend for β-D-LNA Compounds of Tables 2, 3, 6-8, and 10-13

TABLE 2 Thermal affinity values for LNA against complementary DNA and RNA B  = Duplex T X Y O V W Q 5′-d(GCA TAT CAC) 29.5 34.5 36.5 36.0 37.5 30.5 24.0 3′-d(CGT A B A GTG) (+5.0) (+7.0) (+6.5) (+8.0) (+1.0) (−5.5) 5′-d(GCA TA B  CAC) 29.5 33.5 35.0 35.0 36.0 30.0 24.5 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+4.0) (+5.5) (+5.5) (+6.5) (+0.5) (−5.0) 5′-d(GCA  B AT CAC) 29.5 36.0 — 35.0 39.0 30.5 26.0 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+6.5) (+5.5) (+9.5) (+1.0) (−3.5) 5′-d(GCA  B A B  CAC) 29.5 40.0 40.5 40.5 45.5 nt nt 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+5.5) (+5.5) (+5.5) (+8.0) 5′-r(GCA UAU CAC) 27.0 36.5 38.0 37.0 40.0 31.0 25.0 3′-d(CGT A B A GTG) (+9.5) (+11.0) (+10.0) (+13.0) (+4.0) (−2.0) 5′-d(GCA TA B  CAC) 27.0 33.5 35.5 35.0 37.0 30.5 27.0 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+6.5) (+8.5) (+8.0) (+10.0) (+3.5) (0) 5′-d(GCA  B AT CAC) 27.0 36.5 — 35.0 39.5 29.5 26.0 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+9.5) (+8.0) (+12.5) (+.5 (−1.0) 5′-d(GCA  B A B  CAC) 27.0 43.0 44.0 43.5 49.0 nt nt 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+8.0) (+8.5) (+8.5) (+11.0)

Table 3 illustrates the T_(m) values for other embodiments of the current method. Particular embodiments illustrated in Table 3 have C5-functionalization wherein the linker is either an alkyne moiety or a triazole moiety substituted with a fluorophore. Exemplary fluorophores include pyrene and perylene, but a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any fluorophore moiety can potentially be used. The values disclosed in Table 3 illustrate that the fluorophore-functionalized LNA compounds destabilize duplexes formed between the modified oligonucleotide and complementary nucleic acid strand.

TABLE 3 Thermal affinity values for fluorophore-functionalzed LNA against complementary DNA and RNA B  = Duplex T X P β γ α 5′-d(GCA TAT CAC) 29.5 34.5 23.0 24.0 19.0 17.0 3′-d(CGT A B A GTG) (+5.0) (-6.0) (-5.5) (-10.5) (-12.5) 5′-d(GCA TA B  CAC) 29.5 33.5 22.0 23.0 16.0 <10 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+4.0) (-7.5) (-6.5) (-13.5) (<−19.5) 5′-d(GCA  B AT CAC) 29.5 36.0 25.5 24.0 17.0 18.0 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+6.5) (-4.0) (-5.0) (-12.0) (−11.5) 5′-d(GCA  B A B  CAC) 29.5 40.0 30.5 25.0 21.5 <10 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+5.5) (+0.5) (-2.0) (-4.0) (<−19.5) 5′-r(GCA UAU CAC) 27.0 36.5 23.0 25.5 25.0 15.0 3′-d(CGT A B A GTG) (+9.5) (-4.0) (-1.5) (-2.0) (−12.0) 5′-d(GCA TA B  CAC) 27.0 33.5 21.0 22.0 17.0 15.0 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+6.5) (-6.0) (-5.0) (-10.0) (−12.0) 5′-d(GCA  B AT CAC) 27.0 36.5 27.0 26.0 18.0 16.0 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+9.5) (0) (-1.0) (-9.0) (−11.0) 5′-d(GCA  B A B  CAC) 27.0 43.0 30.5 26.0 23.0 <10 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+8.0) (+2.0) (-0.5) (-2.0) (<−19.5)

The thermal affinity of oligonucleotides modified with C5-α-L-LNA compounds can also be examined using the disclosed methods. In particular embodiments, oligonucleotides comprising compounds Y′, O′ or V′ result in dramatic increases in thermal affinity toward complementary single stranded DNA (ΔT_(m)/modification range between +2.0° C. and +9.5° C.) and RNA (ΔT_(m)/modification generally between +5.0° C. and +12.5° C.) targets. Table 4 illustrates the results obtained from thermal affinity studies of certain embodiments.

Legend for α-L-LNA Compounds of Tables 4, 5, 9, and 14-17

TABLE 4 Thermal affinity values for α-L-LNA against complementary DNA and RNA B  = Duplex T X′ Y′ O′ V′ 5′-d(GCA TAT CAC) 29.5 33.5 37.0 36.5 39.0 3′-d(CGT A B A GTG) (+4.0) (+7.5) (+7.0) (+9.5) 5′-d(GCA TA B  CAC) 29.5 31.5 33.0 33.5 35.0 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+2.0) (+3.5) (+2.0) (+5.5) 5′-d(GCA  B AT CAC) 29.5 38.0 38.0 36.5 39.0 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+8.5) (+8.5) (+7.0) (+9.5) 5′-d(GCA  B A B  CAC) 29.5 37.0 37.0 37.5 42.0 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+4.0) (+4.0) (+4.0) (+6.0) 5′-r(GCA UAU CAC) 27.0 36.5 38.0 35.5 39.5 3′-d(CGT A B A GTG) (+9.5) (+11.0) (+8.5) (+12.5) 5′-d(GCA TA B  CAC) 27.0 31.0 32.0 32.0 34.0 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+4.0) (+5.0) (+5.0) (+7.0) 5′-d(GCA  B AT CAC) 27.0 36.0 36.0 35.5 39.0 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+9.0) (+9.0) (+8.5) (+12.0) 5′-d(GCA  B A B  CAC) 27.0 38.5 39.0 38.5 41.5 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+6.0) (+6.0) (+6.0) (+7.0)

Table 5 illustrates the results obtained from thermal denaturation studies of other particular disclosed embodiments. Oligonucleotides comprising compound W′ result in small fluctuations in thermal affinity toward complementary single stranded DNA. In another interesting embodiment, oligonucleotides comprising compounds W′, Q′ or P′ generally exhibit modest increases in thermal affinity toward complementary single stranded RNA.

TABLE 5 Thermal affinity values for α-L-LNA against complementary DNA and RNA B  = Duplex T W′ Q′ P′ 5′-d(GCA TAT CAC) 29.5 30.5 27.0 28.5 3′-d(CGT A B A GTG) (+1.0) (−2.5) (−1.0) 5′-d(GCA TA B  CAC) 29.5 29.0 19.5 19.0 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (−0.5) (−10.0) (−10.5) 5′-d(GCA  B AT CAC) 29.5 30.0 27.5 29.5 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+0.5) (-−2.0) (0) 5′-d(GCA  B A B  CAC) 29.5 nt nt 30.5 3′-d(CGT ATA GTG) (+0.5) 5′-r(GCA UAU CAC) 27.0 30.5 28.0 28.5 3′-d(CGT A B A GTG) (+3.5) (+1.0) (+1.5) 5′-d(GCA TA B  CAC) 27.0 29.5 27.5 18.5 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+2.5) (+0.5) (−8.5) 5′-d(GCA  B AT CAC) 27.0 29.5 26.5 29.5 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+2.5) (−0.5) (+2.5) 5′-d(GCA  B A B  CAC) 27.0 nt nt 30.5 3′-r(CGU AUA GUG) (+2.0)

2. Double Stranded Nucleic Acid Targets

Disclosed embodiments concern the modulation of thermal affinity of C5- or C8-functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) toward double stranded nucleic acid targets. (TC)-motif TFOs, which bind to polypurine regions in double stranded nucleic acid targets via Hoogsteen base pairs in the major groove, are the most widely studied nucleic acid-targeting agents. A drawback of the TFO-approach is the instability of triplexes at physiological pH due to electrostatic repulsion between the three strands and insufficient N3-protonation of cytosines results in weak Hoogsteen base pairing. Chemical modification of TFOs is therefore essential to increase triplex stability as well as to protect TFOs from enzymatic degradation.

Particular embodiments of the current compounds can be first incorporated into a (TC)-motif nucleic acid TFO sequence. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the number of nucleotides in the sequence can range from at least 2 to about 50; more typically, the number will range from at least 8 to about 25 nucleotides. Particular embodiments utilize a sequence comprising 15 nucleotides. The number of C5- or C8-functionalized LNA and/or α-L-LNA compounds that can be incorporated into the sequence can range from greater than 0 to 100 percent of the number of nucleotides in the sequence; more typically from greater than 0 to about 6. The modified TFOs can be synthesized using a DNA synthesizer. Particular embodiments were synthesized on a 0.2 mM scale, using standard conditions except for extended coupling (15 min, using 4,5-dicyanoimidazole as activator) and oxidation times (45 sec), which resulted in stepwise coupling yields of >98% for the LNA compounds. Certain embodiments utilize 5-methyldeoxycytidine rather than deoxycytidine monomers in order to ameliorate the normal pH dependence of (TC)-motif TFOs.

For particular working embodiments, stable triplexes between dsDNA and C5-functionalized LNA, conventional LNA, and unmodified nucleic acids targets were characterized by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) using equimolar quantities of TFOs and the dsDNA target in a pH 7.2, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer containing Mg²⁺. FIG. 10 is an electrophoresis gel illustrating the bands of complexes between reference DNA (T), conventional LNA (X1-X4), and a C5-functionalized LNA TFOs (Y1-Y4), and a dsDNA target (dsDNA). Triplex formation between C5-propargylamine functionalized LNA TFOs (V2-V4) and dsDNA target was incomplete as a band (−20-40% intensity) of identical mobility as the corresponding dsDNA target is observed in addition to the triplex band (V2-V4 series, FIG. 11). Triplex formation can be driven toward completion using a two-fold excess of C5-propargylamine functionalized LNA TFOs (FIG. 12).

After triplex formation has been established, the thermal affinity of C5-functionalized LNA TFOs toward double stranded nucleic acid targets can be determined The thermal affinity of nucleic acids modified with C5-functionalized LNA towards matched double stranded nucleic acid targets can be determined by any method known to a person of ordinary skill in the art to include denaturation of a triplex. Particular embodiments can be analyzed using UV thermal denaturation. UV thermal denaturation includes the denaturation of each strand by heating, followed by cooling and analysis using ultraviolet spectroscopy. The modified and unmodified triplexes are heated to a temperature effective to cause denaturation, which is herein referred to as T_(m). T_(m) values for C5-functionalized LNA TFOs can range from greater than 0° C. to about 100° C.; more typically the T_(m) ranges from about 20° C. to about 80° C. Representative thermal denaturation curves for a disclosed embodiment and the double stranded nucleic acid target are provided by FIG. 13. To facilitate determination of triplex T_(m)'s, differential thermal denaturation curves were obtained by subtracting the denaturation curve of the double stranded nucleic acid target from the raw triplex denaturation curve for the modified nucleic acid (FIG. 14). FIG. 15 illustrates the first derivative graph of differential thermal denaturation curves of triplexes formed with working embodiment Y. The apparent melting temperatures during heating and cooling cycles of parallel duplexes Banned by TC-motif TFOs and the polypurine strand of the double stranded nucleic acid target are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Melting temperatures for LNA for duplexes formed between TFOs and dsDNA^([a]) T_(m)/T_(a) (° C.) ON Seq 5′→3′ B = X Y V B1 TTT TT^(m)C T B T ^(m)CT^(m)C T^(m)CT 30.5/13.5 26.5/14.0 28.5/15.0 SEQ ID NO: 23 SEQ ID NO: 12 SEQ ID NO: 16 B2 TTT T B ^(m)C TT B  ^(m)CT^(m)C  B ^(m)CT 42.0/19.0 45.0/22.0 34.0/23.0 SEQ ID NO: 20 SEQ ID NO: 13 SEQ ID NO: 17 B3 TTT T B ^(m)C T B T ^(m)C B ^(m)C T^(m)CT 42.5/18.5 40.0/20.5 37.0/26.5 SEQ ID NO: 21 SEQ ID NO: 14 SEQ ID NO: 18 B4 TT B  T B ^(m)C  B T B  ^(m)C B ^(m)C  B ^(m)CT 50.0/32.0 53.0/41.5 51.5/50.5 SEQ ID NO: 22 SEQ ID NO: 15 SEQ ID NO: 19 ^([a])The denaturation curves (A₂₆₀ vs T) were recorded using 1.0 μM of each strand in a pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution (adjusted with 10 mM NaH₂PO₄/5 mM Na₂HPO₄) containing 140 mM KCl at 0.5° C./min heating and cooling rates. The T_(m)′s and T_(a)′s were determined by first derivative of denaturation curves and are averages of two independent measurements within 1° C. For T1 (B = T) (SEQ ID NO: 1): Tm = 23.5° C., and Ta = 12.0° C., were observed. IUPAC names for the diphosphate-form of compounds X, Y, and V have been included in the sequence listing.

Singly modified C5-alkynyl functionalized LNA TFOs exhibit dramatically increased thermal affinity toward dsDNA targets relative to reference DNA TFO T1 (ΔT_(m)˜+13.5° C., B1-series, Table 7). A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that this increase in T_(m) values for C5-LNA-modified TFOs is likely to be sequence specific; however, certain embodiments of C5-LNA-modified DNA strands, comprising from about 5 to about 50 nucleotides, can exhibit an increase in T_(m) ranging from greater than 0° C. to about 15° C. as compared to unmodified DNA strands. Additional modification of TFOs with certain embodiments results in progressively more stabilized triplexes, although less pronounced ΔT_(m)/mod-values are observed (e.g., compare data of B1-, B2- and B4-series, Table 7). C5-propargylamine functionalized LNAs (V-series) stabilize triplexes slightly more efficiently than the corresponding C5-ethynyl functionalized LNAs (Y-series). Without being limited to a theory of operation, it is currently believed that this difference is a result of reduced electrostatic repulsion between the triplex strands due to partial protonation of the propargylamino substituent, or from improved π-stacking with neighboring nucleobases.

TABLE 7 Thermal affinity for triplexes formed by LNA TFOs with dsDNA^([a]) T_(m)[ΔT_(m)/mod]/° C. ON Sequence 5′ to 3′ B = X Y V B1 TTT TT^(m)C T B T ^(m)CT^(m)C T^(m)CT 40.0 [+11.0] 42.5 [+13.5] 42.5 [+13.5] SEQ ID NO: 23 SEQ ID NO: 12 SEQ ID NO: 16 B2 TTT T B ^(m)C TT B  ^(m)CT^(m)C  B ^(m)CT 48.5 [+6.5] 54.0 [+8.3] 57.0 [+9.3] SEQ ID NO: 20 SEQ ID NO: 13 SEQ ID NO: 17 B3 TTT T B ^(m)C T B T ^(m)C B ^(m)C T^(m)CT 53.5 [+8.2] 59.5 [+10.2] 60.0 [+10.3] SEQ ID NO: 21 SEQ ID NO: 14 SEQ ID NO: 18 B4 TTB T B ^(m)C  B T B  ^(m)C B ^(m)C  B ^(m)CT 61.0 [+5.3] 67.5 [+6.4] 74.5 [+7.6] SEQ ID NO: 22 SEQ ID NO: 15 SEQ ID NO: 19 ^([a])T_(m)′s were determined as the first derivative of differential thermal denaturation curves (A₂₆₀ vs T), recorded in a pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution (pH adjusted with 10 mM NaH₂PO₄/5 mM Na₂HPO₄) containing 140 mM KCl using 1.0 μM of each strand. T_(m)-values are averages of at least two independent measurements within 1° C. Data for DNA reference TFO T1(B = T) (SEQ ID NO: 1): T_(m) = 29.0° C., k_(on) = 4400 Lmol⁻¹s⁻¹. ^(m)C = 5-methyldeoxycytidine monomers. dsDNA target sequence (TFO binding region underlined): 5′-GCT AAA AAG AAA GAG AGA TCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO.: 2), 3′-CGA TTT TTC TTT CTC TCT ACG-5′ (SEQ ID NO: 3). IUPAC names for the diphosphate-form of compounds X, Y, and V have been included in the sequence listing.

Particular embodiments concern the evaluation of the influence of C5-functionalized LNA compounds on association kinetics of triplex formation. The association rate constant, k_(on) can be determined for TFOs by fitting a second order rate equation to the A₂₆₀ decay curve obtained by mixing a pre-annealed double stranded nucleic acid target with equimolar quantities of TFOs (FIG. 16). Particular embodiments exhibited little variation in the k_(on)-values between DNA, conventional LNA, or C5-functionalized LNA TFOs, as illustrated in Table 8. These results indicate that LNA-type TFOs primarily influence triplex dissociation kinetics. Certain embodiments utilizing the C5-propargylamine functionalized LNA (V) exhibited faster triplex association kinetics. Without being limited to a theory of operation, it is currently believed that this result is due to the presence of partially positively charged ‘patches’ of the C5-propargylamine substituent. In addition, significant hysteresis was observed for parallel duplex formation involving denaturation of the triplex to three single strands for compound X (X1-X4, as illustrated in FIG. 17).

TABLE 8 Association rate constants for triplexes formed by LNA TFOs with ds DNA kon (Lmol⁻¹s⁻¹) ON Sequence 5′ to 3′ B− X Y V B1 TTT TT^(m)C T B T ^(m)CT^(m)C T^(m)CT 3800 4400 ND SEQ ID NO: 23 SEQ ID NO: 12 SEQ ID NO: 16 B2 TTT T B ^(m)T TT B  ^(m)CT^(m)C  B ^(m)CT 3600 4000 3700 SEQ ID NO: 20 SEQ ID NO: 13 SEQ ID NO: 17 B3 TTT T B ^(m)C T B T ^(m)C B ^(m)C T^(m)CT 3900 4100 3900 SEQ ID NO: 21 SEQ ID NO: 14 SEQ ID NO: 18 B4 TT B  T B ^(m)C  B T B  ^(m)C B ^(m)C  B ^(m)CT 4300 4400 5500 SEQ ID NO: 22 SEQ ID NO: 15 SEQ ID NO: 19 k_(on)′s were measured in pH 7.2 HEPES buffer. The listed values of k_(on)′s are average of at least three independent measurements. Data for DNA reference TFO T1(B=T) (SEQ ID NO: 1): T_(m) = 29.0° C., k_(on) = 4400 Lmol−1s−1. ^(m)C = 5-methyldeoxycytidine monomers. dsDNA target sequence (TFO binding region underlined): 5′-GCT AAA AAG AAA GAG AGA TCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2), 3′-CGA TTT TTC TTT CTC TCT ACG-5′ (SEQ ID NO: 3). ND = not determined. IUPAC names for the diphosphate-fonn of compounds X, Y, and V have been included in the sequence listing.

Triplex-forming oligonucleotides modified with one or more C5-functionalized α-L-LNA monomers can also modulate thermal affinity toward double stranded nucleic acid targets with complementary purine target regions (Hoogsteen base-pairing) relative to the TFOs. In particular embodiments, oligonucleotides comprising compounds Y′ or V′ result in dramatic increases in thermal affinity toward complementary double stranded nucleic acid targets (ΔT_(m)/modification between +2.8° C. and +8.5° C., Table 9). These increases in thermal affinity are more pronounced than with reference α-L-LNA (X′).

TABLE 9 Thermal affinity of triplexes formed by α-L-LNA TFOs with dsDNA T_(m)[ΔT_(m)/mod]/° C. ON Sequence 5′→3′ B  = X′ ^([a]) Y′ V′ B1 TTT TT^(m)C T B T ^(m)CT^(m)C T^(m)CT 35.5[+6.5] 37.5[+8.5] 37.5[+8.0] SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 37 NO: 38 NO: 39 B2 TTT T B ^(m)C TT B  ^(m)CT^(m)C  B ^(m)CT 43.5(+4.8) 48.0(+6.3) 46.0(+5.7) SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 40 NO: 43 NO: 46 B3 TTT T B ^(m)C T B T ^(m)C B ^(m)C T^(m)CT 44.5(+5.2) 50.0(+7.0) 45.5(+5.5) SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 41 NO: 44 NO: 47 B4 TT B  T B ^(m)C  B T B  ^(m)C B ^(m)C  B ^(m)CT 37.5(+1.4) 45.5(+2.8) ND SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 42 NO: 45 NO: 48 ^([a])IUPAC names for the diphosphate-form of compounds X′, Y′, and V′ have been included in the sequence listing.

B. Modulation of Thermal Affinity Toward Mismatched, Single Stranded DNA/RNA Targets or Double Stranded DNA Targets.

The ability of C5- or C8-functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA compounds to modulate affinity toward mismatched, single stranded nucleic acid targets or double stranded nucleic acid targets can also be explored. Monomers of C5- or C8-functionalized LNA or α-L-LNA compounds can be incorporated into oligonucleotides such as by using a DNA synthesizer, as previously described. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that oligonucleotides can contain from two nucleotides to at least 300 nucleotides. Particular embodiments utilize oligonucleotides having from about 5 to about 50 nucleotides; more typically from about 8 to 35 nucleotides. Particular embodiments can be tested against unmodified reference strands, as well as reference strands modified with commercially available LNA thymidine phosphoramidite (Wengel et. al. Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630).

1. Mismatched Single Stranded Nucleic Acids

Thermal affinity of oligonucleotides modified with C5- or C8-functionalized LNA towards mismatched single stranded nucleic acid strands can be determined by any method known to a person of ordinary skill in the art to include denaturation of the oligonucleotide and its complement nucleic acid strand. Particular embodiments can be analyzed using UV thermal denaturation experiments.

Particular embodiments exhibit the ability to discriminate amongst mismatched DNA/RNA sequences, while maintaining the increased thermal affinity as compared to unmodified DNA. Particular embodiments include C5-functionalized LNA compounds wherein the alkynyl linker is attached to a hydrogen atom or CH₂X, where X is selected from hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, phosphine, or amine. Incorporation of particular embodiments, such as C5-acetylene LNA Y and C5-propargylamine LNA V exhibit pronounced discrimination of RNA strands with a mismatched nucleotide opposite of the building block (Table 10). In certain embodiments, C5-functionalized LNAs can display an increased ability to discriminate amongst mismatched nucleic acid strands, as compared to unmodified DNA. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that increases in T_(m) likely depend on the specific mismatch being investigated, as well as the particular DNA sequence. Particular embodiments can exhibit increased mismatch discrimination in 9-mer sequences, as compared to unmodified DNA, ranging from less than 0 to about −5° C., where a cytosine has replaced an adenine; from less than 0 to about −12° C., where a guanine has replaced an adenine; and from less than 0 to about −7° C., where a uracil has replaced an adenine. Importantly, discrimination of the challenging U:rG mismatch (M=G) is markedly improved relative to DNA and LNA reference strands (compare ΔT_(m) for ON═Y1 and V1 with T1 and X1, Table 10).

Particular embodiments utilize C5-LNAs comprising a hydrophobic moiety at the C5 position. Certain embodiments have cholesterol or stearic acid appended to the C5 position via a functionalized alkyne linker. C5-Functionalized LNA carrying hydrophobic substituents (W1 and Q1) exhibit excellent, while slightly lower than above disclosed embodiments, discrimination of mismatched targets (Table 10). The data demonstrate that introduction of C5-alkynyl substituents to the LNA skeleton not only maintains the Watson-Crick base pairing fidelity of LNA, but even can enhance it. Without being limited to a theory of operation, it is currently believed that the enhancement of Watson-Crick base pairing fidelity is attributed to restricted rotation of the glycosidic torsion angle (O4′-C1′-N-1-C2) as imposed by steric interactions between H6 or the C5-substituent and the H3′ of the LNA skeleton.

TABLE 10 Thermal Affinity of LNA compounds against mismatched RNA targets Tm[ΔTm](° C.) RNA: 3′-CAC U B U ACG B  = ON Sequence A C G U T1 5′-GTG ATA TGC 27.0    <10(<−17.0) 22.5(−4.5)   <10(<−17.0) X1 5′-GTG A X A TGC 36.5  17.5(−19.0) 28.5(−8.0) 18.0(−18.5) Y1 5′-GTG A Y A TGC 38.0  17.5(−20.5)  24.5(−13.5) 16.0(−22.0) O1 5′-GTG A O A TGC 37.0  18.0(−19.0)  27.0(−10.0) 16.5(−20.5) V1 5′-GTG A V A TGC 40.0  21.5(−18.5)  28.5(−11.5) 17.5(−22.5) W1 5′-GTG A W A TGC 31.0  11.5(−19.5)  21.0(−10.0) 11.0(−20.0) Q1 5′-GTG A Q A TGC 25.0  10.0(−15.0) 16.0(−9.0)   <10(<−15.0) P1 5′-GTG A P A TGC 23.0    <10(<−13.0)  12.5(−10.5)   <10(<−13.0) β1 5′-GTG A β A TGC 25.5 24.0(−1.5)    <10(<−15.5)   <10(<−15.5) γ1 5′-GTG A γ A TGC 25.0    <10(<−15.0) 17.0(−8.0)   <10(<−15.0) α1 5′-GTG A α A TGC 15.0   <10(<−5.0)   <10(<−5.0)  <10(<-5.0)

Table 11 illustrates data obtained from thermal denaturation studies involving nucleic acid sequences comprising one or more C5-functionalized LNA monomers and single stranded DNA targets.

TABLE 11 Thermal Affinity of LNA compounds against mismatched DNA targets T_(m)[ΔT_(m)](° C.) DNA: 3′-CAC T B T ACG B  = ON Sequence A C G T T1 5′-GTG ATA TGC 29.5 13.0(−16.5) 21.5(-8.0) 14.0(-15.5) X1 5′-GTG A X A TGC 34.5 16.5(-18.0) 23.5(-11.0) 18.5(-16.0) Y1 5′-GTG A Y A TGC 36.5 16.5(-20.0) 21.0(-15.5) 18.0(-18.5) O1 5′-GTG A O A TGC 36.0 16.5(-19.5) 25.0(-11.0) 18.0(-18.0) V1 5′-GTG A V A TGC 37.5 18.5(-19.0) 25.5(-12.0) 20.0(-17.5) W1 5′-GTG A W A TGC 30.5 12.5(-18.0) 17.5(-13.0) 14.0(-16.5) Q1 5′-GTG A Q A TGC 24.0 12.5(-11.5) 14.0(-10.0) 13.0(-11.0) P1 5′-GTG A P A TGC 23.0 15.5(-7.5) 13.0(-10.0) 15.5(-7.5) β1 5′-GTG A β A TGC 24.0 14.0(-10.0) <10(<-14.0) 14.5(-9.5) γ1 5′-GTG A γ A TGC 19.0 18.0(-1.0) 15.0(-4.0) 16.5(-2.5) α1 5′-GTG A α A TGC 17.0 26.5(+9.5) 17.0(0) 23.0(+6.0)

Table 12 illustrates T_(m) values obtained for oligonucleotides that have twice been modified with C5-functionalized LNA and conventional LNA monomers. These sequences can form duplexes with a nucleic acid strand, particularly DNA (Table 12) and RNA (Table 12) possessing a nucleobase that is a mismatch to that of the oligonucleotide comprising the C5-functionalized LNA monomer. The differences in T_(n), for the singly mismatched sequences are also presented.

TABLE 12 Thermal Affinity of LNA compounds against mismatched DNA targets T_(m)[ΔT_(m)](° C.) DNA: 3′-CGT A B A GTG ON Sequence B = T A C G 5′-GCA TAT CAC 29.5  <10(<−19.5) 13.0(-16.5) 22.0(−7.5) 5′-GCA  X A X  CAC 40.0 23.0(-17.0) 24.5(-15.5) 20.5(−19.5) 5′-GCA  Y A Y  CAC 40.5 28.0(-12.5) 26.5(-14.0) 28.0(−12.5) 5′-GCA  O A O  CAC 40.5 25.0(-15.5) 25.5(-15.0) 25.5(−15.0) 5′-GCA  V A V  CAC 45.5 nt(<-35.5) nt(<-35.5) nt(<−35.5) 5′-GCA  P A P  CAC 30.5 nt(<-20.5) 10.5(-20.0)  <10(<−20.5)

Table 13 illustrates results obtained from denaturing duplexes formed between nucleic acid strands that are modified with particular embodiments of C5-functionalized LNA compounds and mismatched single stranded RNA targets.

TABLE 13 Thermal Affinity of LNA compounds against mismatched RNA targets T_(m) [ΔT_(m)] (° C.) RNA: 3′−CGU A B A GUG ON Sequence B  = U A C G 5′−GCA TAT CAC 27.0 11.0 (−16.0) 11.0 (−16.0) 16.0 (−11.0) 5′−GCA  X A X  CAC 43.0 23.0 (−20.0) 27.5 (−15.5) 27.0 (−16.0) 5′−GCA  Y A Y  CAC 44.0 28.5 (−15.5) 29.0 (−15.0) 29.0 (−15.0) 5′−GCA  O A O  CAC 43.5 25.0 (−18.5) 29.0 (−14.5) 27.5 (−16.0) 5′−GCA  V A V  CAC 49.0 26.0 (−23.0) 30.0 (−19.0) 27.0 (−22.0) 5′−GCA  P A P  CAC 30.5 11.0 (−19.5) <10 (<−20.5) 10.5 (−20.0)

Oligonucleotides modified with one or more C5-functionalized α-L-LNA compounds allow differential discrimination of mismatched single stranded DNA/RNA targets relative to unmodified reference strands (Tables 14 and 15). In particular embodiments, oligonucleotides comprising compounds X′, Y′, O′,V′, W′ or Q′ exhibit dramatically more pronounced thermal discrimination of single stranded DNA or RNA targets with mismatched nucleotides opposite of the site of modification. The thermal discrimination of these oligonucleotides is pronounced than observed with reference α-L-LNA. In another embodiment, oligonucleotides containing an incorporation of monomer P′ exhibit pronounced thermal discrimination of single stranded RNA targets with mismatched nucleotides opposite of the site of modification.

TABLE 14 Thermal Affinity of α−L−LNA compounds against mismatched DNA targets T_(m)[ΔT_(m)/mod] (° C.) DNA: 3′−CAC T B T ACG ON Sequence B  = A C G T 5′−GTG ATA TGC 29.5 13.0 (−16.5) 21.5 (−8.0) 14.0 (−15.5) 5′−GTG A X′ A TGC 33.5 10.0 (−23.5) 20.0 (−13.5) 16.0 (−17.5) 5′−GTG A Y′ A TGC 37.0 13.0 (−24.0) 20.0 (−17.0) 14.0 (−23.0) 5′−GTG A O′ A TGC 36.5 13.0 (−23.5) 21.0 (−15.5) 14.5 (−22.0) 5′−GTG A V′ A TGC 39.0 14.0 (−25.0) 22.0 (−17.0) 16.5 (−22.5) 5′−GTG A W′ A TGC 30.5 12.5 (−17.5) 15.0 (−15.5) 12.0 (−18.0) 5′−GTG A Q′ A TGC 27.0   <10 (<−17.0)   <10 (<−17.0)   <10 (<−17.0) 5′−GTG A P′ A TGC 28.5 15.0 (−13.5) 15.0(−13.5)  20 (−8.5)

Table 15 illustrates results obtained from denaturing duplexes formed between nucleic acid strands that are modified with particular embodiments of disclosed C5-functionalized α-L-LNA compounds and mismatched single stranded RNA targets.

TABLE 15 Thermal Affinity of α−L−LNA compounds against mismatched RNA targets Tm [ΔTm/mod] (° C.) RNA: 3′−CAC U B U ACG ON Sequence B  = A C G U 5′−GTG ATA TGC 27.0   <10 (<−17.0) 22.5 (−4.5)   <10 (<−17.0) 5′−GTG A X′ A TGC 36.5 14.0 (−22.5) 28.5 (−8.5) 14.0 (−22.5) 5′−GTG A Y′ A TGC 38.0 11.0 (−27.0)  27.0 (−11.0) 13.0 (−25.0) 5′−GTG A O′ A TGC 35.5 14.5 (−21.0) 27.0 (−8.5) 14.5 (−21.0) 5′−GTG A V′ A TGC 39.5 16.0 (−23.5)  28.5 (−11.0) 15.0 (−24.5) 5′−GTG A W′ A TGC 30.5 15.5 (−14.5) 23.5 (−7.0) 10.5 (−20.0) 5′−GTG A Q′ A TGC 28.0   <10 (<−18.0)  17.0 (−11.0)   <10 (<−18.0) 5′−GTG A P′ A TGC 28.5   <10 (<−18.5)  15.5 (−13.0)   <10 (<−18.5)

In yet another embodiment, illustrated in Table 16, oligonucleotides comprising two compounds, selected from X′, Y′, 0′, V′, and P′, as next-nearest neighbors (e.g., 5′-V′BV'-3′) exhibit pronounced thermal discrimination of single stranded DNA targets with certain mismatched nucleotides in the position between the two incorporations (e.g., opposite of “B” in 5′-V′BV′-3′, see Table 16).

TABLE 16 Thermal Affinity of α−L−LNA compounds against mismatched DNA targets T_(m) [ΔT_(m)/mod] (° C.) DNA: 3′−CGT A B A GTG ON Sequence B  = T A C G 5′−GCA TAT CAC 29.5   <10(<−19.5) 13.0(−16.5) 22.0(−7.5) 5′−GCA  X′ A X′  CAC 37.0 14.0(−23.0) 19.0(−18.0)  20.0(−17.0) 5′−GCA  Y′ A Y′  CAC 37.0 19.0(−18.0) 20.5(−16.5)  24.5(−12.5) 5′−GCA O′ A O′  CAC 37.5 14.5(−23.0) 22.0(−15.5)  25.5(−12.0) 5′−GCA  V′ A V′  CAC 42.0 20.5(−21.5) 20.5(−21.5)  27.5(−14.5) 5′−GCA  P′ A P′  CAC 30.5   <10(<−20.5) 15.0(−14.5)    <10(<−20.5)

Table 17 illustrates results obtained from denaturing duplexes formed between nucleic acid strands that are modified with two particular embodiments of C5-functionalized α-L-LNA compounds and mismatched single stranded RNA targets.

TABLE 17 Thermal Affinity of α−L−LNA compounds against mismatched RNA targets T_(m) [ΔT_(m)/mod] (° C.) RNA: 3′−CGU A B A GUG ON Sequence B  = U A C G 5′−GCA TAT CAC 27.0 11.0(−16.0) 11.0(−16.0) 16.0(−11.0) 5′−GCA  X′ A X′  CAC 38.5 20.5(−22.5) 21.0(−22.0) 24.0(−19.0) 5′−GCA  Y′ A Y′  CAC 39.0 24.0(−15.0) 22.0(−17.0) 25.5(−13.5) 5′−GCA O′ A O′  CAC 38.5 24.5(−14.0) 23.0(−15.5) 24.5(−14.0) 5′−GCA  V′ A V′  CAC 41.5 27.0(−14.5) 25.0(−16.5) 30.0(−12.5) 5′−GCA  P′ A P′  CAC 30.5 15.0(−15.5)   <10(<−20.5) 14.5(−16.0)

2. Mismatched Double Stranded DNA Targets.

Oligonucleotides modified with one or more C5-functionalized LNA building blocks allow differential discrimination of fully base-paired Hoogsteen mismatched double stranded DNA relative to reference triplex forming oligonucleotides. In particular embodiments, oligonucleotides comprising compounds X or Y exhibit dramatically improved thermal discrimination of fully base-paired double stranded DNA targets with Hoogsteen mismatches opposite of the site of modification, i.e., more negative ΔT_(m)-values (see Table 18).

TABLE 18 Thermal affinity of LNA against matched and mismatched triplexes in the presence of Mg²⁺ ions. Tm[ΔTm/mod]/° C. A:T ON SEQ ID NO: (match) T:A C:G G:C T1 1 37.0 10.0 [−27.0] 19.5 [−17.5] 13.5 [−23.5] X1 23 49.0 10.0 [−39.0] 28.5 [−20.5] 24.0 [−25.0] Y1 12 51.5 10.0 [−41.5] 24.5 [−27.0] 27.5 [−24.0] V1 16 50.0 10.0 [−40.0] 26.5 [−23.5] 27.5 [−22.5]

Oligonucleotides modified with one or more C5-functionalized α-L-LNA monomers exhibit differential discrimination of fully base-paired Hoogsteen mismatched double stranded DNA relative to reference triplex forming oligonucleotides. In particular embodiments, oligonucleotides comprising compounds X′ or Y′ exhibit markedly improved thermal discrimination of fully base-paired double stranded DNA targets with Hoogsteen mismatches opposite of the site of modification (see Table 19).

TABLE 19 Thermal affinity of α−L−LNA against matched and mismatched triplexes in the presence of Mg²⁺ ions. T_(m)[ΔT_(m)] SEQ ID A:T ON NO: (match) T:A C:G G:C T1  1 37.0 10.0[−27.0] 19.5[−17.5] 13.5[−23.5] X1′ 37 45.0 10.0(−35.0) 15.5(−29.5) 22.5(−22.5) Y1′ 38 47.5 12.0(−35.5) 13.5(−34.0) 24.5(−23.0) V1′ 39 46.0 11.0(−36.0) 14.5(−31.5) 25.5(−20.5) a T_(m)−values (ΔT_(m) = change in T_(m)−value relative to matched triplex). Buffers and conditions as described previously except for addition of 10 mM MgCl₂. T_(m)−values are averages of at least two independent measurements. dsDNA targets = 5′− GCT AAA AAG A B A GAG AGA TCG−3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4):3′− CGA TTT TTC T B′ T CTC TCT ACG−5′ (SEQ ID NO: 5), where B : B′ = A:T, T:A, C:G and G:C, respectively.

C. C5- or C8-Functionalized Locked Nucleic Acids as Building Blocks to Reduce Enzymatic Degradation.

Disclosed embodiments display increased stability against enzymatic degradation, as compared to unmodified nucleic acid strands. Enzymatic degradation is used herein to describe the cleavage of nucleic acid strands by an enzyme. The enzyme can be an exonuclease or an endonuclease, selected from any enzyme capable of cleaving a phosphodiester bond, typically a phosphodiesterase. Non-limiting examples of exonuclease and endonucleases include micrococcal nuclease, S1 nuclease, mung bean nuclease, P1 nuclease, snake venom phosphodiesterase, DNasel, RNase H, exonucleaseIII and Bal 31 nuclease. Particular embodiments utilize snake venom phosphodiesterase to illustrate enzymatic stability.

1. Stability of C5- or C8-Functionalized LNA Compounds

In particular embodiments, the stability of nucleic acid sequences, modified with C5- or C8-functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA compounds, against snake venom phosphodiesterase (SVPDE) was assessed. Particular working embodiments utilized nuclease degradation studies performed in magnesium buffer, but a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any buffer capable of maintaining a pH of 9.0 can be used. The stability of the C5-functionalized LNA can be determined by measuring the change in absorbance at 260 nm over time, such as the examples illustrated in FIGS. 20-21.

Typically, the C5-LNAs were placed at a position not more than 3 nucleotides from the 3′-end. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a 5′ exonuclease may be used, as can an endonuclease, and that the placement of the C5-LNA can be less than or more than 3 nucleotides away from the strand end. DNA strands modified with particular embodiments exhibit increase stability, compared to that of unmodified DNA strands. FIG. 18 illustrates the effects of an exonuclease on C5-functionalized LNA and a reference nucleic acid strand. According to FIG. 18, the reference strand (T) is rapidly degraded, as indicated by a high percentage of cleavage (Y-axis) in a short period of time (X-axis), whereas singly modified conventional LNA X (X2, as indicated in FIG. 18) offers moderate protection against enzymatic degradation, as indicated by a high percentage of cleavage in a period of time longer than that of the reference strand. FIG. 18 also indicates that C5-acetylene LNA Y and C5-propargylamine LNA V (Y2 and V2, respectively, as indicated in FIG. 18) are markedly more resistant toward exonuclease degradation (only ˜55% and ˜35% cleavage, respectively after 2h). Interestingly, C5-alkynyl LNA carrying hydrophobic substituents (W2 and Q2, as indicated in FIG. 18) are, following a brief period of cleavage (—4 min), completely inert against further exonuclease-mediated cleavage (FIG. 18). Without being limited to a single theory of operation, it is currently believed that the steric bulk of the C5-substituents not only slows down enzymatic cleavage at the site of modification but also provides protection from degradation several nucleotides away from the site of incorporation.

Particular embodiments comprise oligonucleotides that have been modified with at least two of the disclosed compounds. The effects of an exonuclease on these doubly-modified oligonucleotides was determined Particular embodiments illustrate increased resistance to cleavage as compared with reference nucleic acid strands, whereas other embodiments, after a period of time (ranging from the time of exonuclease addition to about 10 minutes; more typically from the time of exonuclease addition to about 4 minutes), illustrate complete resistance to exonuclease-mediated cleavage. FIG. 19 illustrates that oligonucleotides comprising two Y compounds as next-nearest neighbors are markedly more resistant toward exonuclease activity (particularly SVPDE) than reference DNA strand, T, which exhibits a high percentage of cleavage in a shorter time period, or doubly modified conventional LNA (X). In another working embodiment, oligonucleotides comprising two compounds, selected from V, W or Q, as next-nearest neighbors are, following a brief period of cleavage (˜4 min), completely inert against further SVPDE-mediated cleavage. Without being limited to a single theory of operation, it is currently believed that the steric bulk of the C5-substituents not only slows down enzymatic cleavage at the site of modification but also provides protection from degradation several nucleotides away from the incorporation.

2. Stability of C5- or C8-Functionalized α-L-LNA Compounds

Certain embodiments concern the effects of exonuclease degradation on oligonucleotides modified with at least one C5-functionalized α-L-LNA compound. In particular embodiments, oligonucleotides comprising a single compound Y′ or V′ are markedly more resistant toward exonuclease degradation than reference strand T, which exhibits high percentage of cleavage after a shorter period of time than Y′ or V′, or singly modified α-L-LNA X. In certain disclosed embodiments, oligonucleotides comprising a single compound W′ are, following a brief period of cleavage, completely inert against further SVPDE-mediated cleavage (FIG. 20) In yet another embodiment, oligonucleotides comprising two compounds Y′ or V′ as next-nearest neighbors are markedly more resistant toward SVPDE (only ˜35% and ˜15% cleavage, respectively after 2 h) than reference DNA strand T (>93% cleavage after 600s) or doubly modified α-L-LNA X (−95% cleaved after 70 min) (FIG. 21). Without being limited to a theory of operation, it is currently believed that the steric bulk of the C5-substituents not only slows down enzymatic cleavage at the site of modification but also provides protection from degradation several nucleotides away from the incorporation. Disclosed embodiments provide the ability to maximize gene knock-down via non-endo/exonuclease mediated mechanisms, but rather through a steric block mechanism, while false positives and off-target effects that can arise from endo/exonuclease-mediated cleavage of non-target nucleic acids are minimized.

3. Stability of Triplex Forming C5- or C8-functionalized LNA Compounds

Certain embodiments concern the effects of exonuclease degradation on triplexes modified with at least one of the disclosed compounds. In particular working embodiments, the resistance of singly modified C5-functionalized LNA TFOs (utilizing a sequence comprising TTT TT^(m)C TBT^(m)CT^(m)C T^(m)CT, where B indicates the modified location) against degradation by an exonuclease, such as SVPDE, was evaluated. Particular working embodiments include oligonucleotides modified with C5-functionalized LNA compouds Y and V. FIG. 22 illustrates that oligonucleotides modified with conventional LNA compounds X illustrated some protection against exonuclease degradation, while C5-functionalized LNA compounds Y and V show considerably more resistance (Y˜60%, V˜35% after 1h). These results strongly suggest that the C5-substituents act as an additional steric shield, to ensure greater biostability. Incorporation of the disclosed compounds into the so-called “gapmer” design can result in increased stability even following a RNaseH mediated RNA-degradation mechanism.

D. Fluorescence Studies

Disclosed embodiments of the current method utilize spectroscopy, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs often result in phenotypic changes, and are accordingly important markers in disease genetics and pharmacogenomic studies. The most established SNP genotyping technologies are enzyme-based or rely on small differences in thermostability between duplexes of probes and complementary or SNP-containing targets. Moreover, these process-intensive, multi-step protocols often necessitate stringent control of assay conditions (e.g., temperature, ionic strength). As a result, there has been a substantial effort to develop alternative SNP-typing approaches, which are operationally more simple and cost-efficient. Particular embodiments of the current method concern using base discriminating fluorescent probes, which can be used for optical discrimination of complementary versus mismatched targets and potentiality for use in discrimination of SNPs in biological targets, such as human breast cancer cell lines.

Particular embodiments of the disclosed method exhibit hybridization of modified sequences to complementary DNA, which can result in hypochromic shifts in absorption and excitation maxima, hyperchromic shifts, and formation of duplexes that exhibit broad fluorescent emission maxima. Typically, the C5- or C8-linker of the LNA and α-L-LNA compounds was functionalized with a fluorophore. Particular embodiments concern fluorophores, such as pyrene or perylene; however, a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any fluorophore amenable for coupling with or incorporation into a nucleotide can be used. Table 22 illustrates the thermal affinity values obtained for particular embodiments of the disclosed method.

TABLE 20 Thermal affinity for fluorophore−containing LNA and α−L−LNA with single stranded DNA. T_(m) [ΔT_(m)/mod] (° C.) SEQ ID DNA: 3′−d(GCG TTG BGT TGC G) NO: Sequence B  = A C G T  6 5′−d(CGC AAC TCA ACG C 55.5 42.0 48.5 46.5 (−13.5) (−7.0) (−9.0)  7 5′−d(CGC AAC  P CA ACG C 52.5 43.0 48.0 46.0 (−9.5) (−4.5) (−6.5)  8 5′−d(CGC AAC  P′ CA ACG C 51.5 40.5 44.5 44.5 (−11.5) (−7.0) (−7.0)  9 5′−d(CGC AAC  β CA ACG C 56.5 43.0 46.5 48.5 (−13.0) (−10.0) (−8.0) 10 5′−d(CGC AAC  γ CA ACG C 47.0 45.5 46.5 45.5 (−1.5) (−0.5) (−1.5) 11 5′−d(CGC AAC  α CA ACG C 44.5 43.0 46.0 45.0 (−1.5) (+1.5) (+0.5)

Hybridization of oligonucleotides comprising one or more of the disclosed embodiments to a complementary single stranded DNA target can result in an increase in fluorescence intensity and formation of a visibly detectable fluorescent duplex with high quantum yields. For example, an oligonucleotide comprising working embodiments P, P′, β, γ, and a can exhibit from about a 1 fold to about a 40 fold increase in intensity. More typically, from about a 2 fold to a 30 fold increase can be observed (FIGS. 23-28). FIGS. 23-28 illustrate that the duplexes, comprising complimentary strands, exhibit increased intensity compared to mismatched strands. A comparison of FIGS. 23, 24, 26-28 to FIG. 25 illustrates that incorporation of C5-functionalized LNA or α-L-LNA compounds produces increased fluorescence intensity than oligonucleotides modified with a fluorphore-containing DNA monomer. In other embodiments of the disclosed method, the hybridization of an oligonucleotide modified with a C5-functionalized LNA or α-L-LNA to a single stranded DNA target with a mismatched nucleotide opposite of C5-functionalized LNA or α-L-LNA compounds (violation of Watson-Crick base-pairing) under conditions where a duplex may or may not form, results in low levels of fluorescence intensity. Thus, without being limited to a theory of operation, it is currently believed that a high level of fluorescence can only be observed when the C5-functionalized LNA or α-L-LNA compounds are engaged in correct Watson-Crick base pairing.

The thermostability of duplexes between complimentary or mismatched strands and oligonucleotides comprising at least one fluorescently labeled conventional LNA, DNA, or disclosed embodiment. Table 21 illustrates the results obtained from thermal denaturation of 16 different modified oligonucleotides and their complementary strand (B=A) or mismatched strands (B=C, G, or T). ON5-ON16 and complementary or mismatched nucleic acid targets were studied by UV thermal denaturation using medium salt buffer conditions ([Na⁺]=110 mM) and compared to the corresponding unmodified DNA duplexes. The UV thermal denaturation curves of all modified DNA duplexes exhibit smooth sigmoidal monophasic transitions, as illustrated in FIGS. 29-31. Less pronounced hyperchromicity was observed in duplexes modified with C5-functionalized LNA compound P(ON9-12, as referenced in FIG. 30) or α-L-LNA compound P′ (ON13-16, as referenced in FIG. 31), which indicates less efficient π-π-stacking between nucleobases in the duplex. Incorporation of the known 5-[3-(1-pyrenecarboxamido)propynyl]-2′-deoxyuridine compound P″ (Okamoto et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4820-4827) into oligonucleotides (ON5-ON8) significantly decreases thermal denaturation temperatures (T_(m)) of duplexes with DNA complements (ΔT_(m) between −1.5° C. to −6.0° C., Table 21). Interestingly, incorporation of the corresponding C5-functionalized LNA or α-L-LNA building blocks into ONs results in similar destabilization of duplexes; although with reduced sequence variability (ΔT_(m) between −2.0 to −4.5° C. for compound P, and −2.5 to −4.0° C. for compound P′, Table 21). Thus, the well-established stabilizing effects of conventional LNA and α-L-LNA compounds appear to be fully compromised by the 3-(1-pyrenecarboxamido)propynyl moiety at the C5-position. This observation is in contrast to observed trends with C5-functionalized LNA carrying non-aromatic moieties, which generally are very well tolerated in nucleic acid duplexes.

Particular embodiments explore the Watson-Crick specificity of modified oligonucleotides with mismatched nucleic acid sequences. In particular embodiments, reference strands ON1-ON4 exhibit the expected specificity patterns, i.e., a) formation of duplexes with substantially reduced thermostability, and b) less efficient discrimination of T:G-mismatches compared to T:C- and T:T-mismatches (Table 21). Comparison with modified ON5-ON16 in the same sequence contexts reveals that the 3-(1-pyrenecarboxamido)propynyl moiety at the C5-position markedly decreases target specificity as the following order is observed: thymidine [highest specificity]>α-L-LNA compound P′>LNA compound P>DNA compound P″ (e.g., compare mismatch ΔT_(m)-values for ON2, ON6, ON10 and ON14, Table 21). Without being limited to a single theory of operation, the data support the hypothesis that the pyrene moiety intercalates upon hybridization with mismatched targets, as decreased mismatch specificity often is observed for monomers with intercalating units. The improved mismatch discrimination of LNA compound P and α-L-LNA compound P′ relative to DNA compound P″ is in line with the well-established enhanced mismatch discrimination of LNA (Wengel et al., Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 3607-3630 and Owczarzy et al. Nucleic Acid Res. 2006, 34, e60) and α-L-LNA (Wengel et al. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 1070-1081 and Wengel et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 2164-2176).

TABLE 21 Thermal denaturation temperatures of duplexes between fluorophore− containing oligonucleotides and complementary or mismatched DNA targets.^([a]) T_(m)(ΔT_(m)) mismatch ΔT_(m) SEQ ID [° C.]^([b]) [° C.]^([c]) ON NO: Sequences B = A ^([b]) C^([c]) G^([c]) T^([c])  1 24 5′−CG CAA ATA AAC GC 48.5 −10.0 −5.0 −9.0  2  6 5′−CG CAA CTC AAC GC 55.5 −13.5 −7.0 −9.0  3 25 5′−CG CAA GTG AAC GC 55.0 −13.0 −9.5 −10.0  4 26 5′−CG CAA TTT AAC GC 48.5 −11.0 −9.0 −11.0  5 27 5′−CG CAA A P ″ A AAC GC 45.0 (−3.5) −4.5 −2.0 −3.0  6 28 5′−CG CAA C P ″ C AAC GC 54.0 (−1.5) −8.0 −4.0 −5.5  7 29 5′−CG CAA G P ″ G AAC GC 49.0 (−6.0) −3.5 −7.0 −4.5  8 30 5′−CG CAA T P ″ T AAC GC 44.0 (−4.5) −5.0 −4.0 −3.5  9 31 5′−CG CAA A P A AAC GC 45.5 (−3.0) −5.5 −3.5 −4.5 10  7 5′−CG CAA C P C AAC GC 53.5 (−2.0) −9.0 −4.5 −7.0 11 32 5′−CG CAA G P G AAC GC 51.5 (−3.5) −3.5 −11.5 −6.5 12 33 5′−CG CAA T P T AAC GC 44.0 (−4.5) −7.5 −6.5 −6.0 13 34 5′−CG CAA A P′ A AAC GC 44.5 (−4.0) −7.5 −6.5 −2.5 14  8 5′−CG CAA C P′ C AAC GC 52.5 (−3.0) −11.0 −6.5 −6.0 15 35 5′−CG CAA G P′ G AAC GC 52.5 (−2.5) −8.0 −12.0 −8.0 16 36 5′−CG CAA T P′ T AAC GC 45.0 (−3.5) −9.5 −10.0 −3.0 ^([a])T_(m)′s measured as maximum of first derivative plot of melting curves (A₂₆₀ vs. T) recorded in medium salt buffer solution ([Na⁺] = 110 mM, [Cl⁻] = 100 mM, pH 7.0 (NaH₂PO₄/Na₂HPO₄), EDTA = 0.2 mM) using 1.0 μM concentrations of each strand. T_(m)′s are an average of at least two measurements. ^([b])(ΔT_(m)) = change in T_(m)−value relative to unmodified reference duplex e.g. ON5:DNA vs. ON1:DNA. ^([c])mismatch ΔT_(m) = difference in T_(m)−value between mismatched duplex and complementary duplex; mismatched sequences: 3′−GC GTT TBT TTG CG−5′ (for ON1/ON5/ON9/ON13) (SEQ ID NOS: 24, 27, 31, 34), 3′−GC GTT GBG TTG CG−5′ (for ON2/ON6/ON10/ON14) (SEQ ID NOS: 6, 38, 7, 8), 3′−GC GTT CBC TTG CG−5′ (for ON3/ON7/ON11/ON15) (SEQ ID NOS: 25, 29, 32, 35) and 3′−GC GTT ABA TTG CG−5′ (for ON4/ON8/ON12/ON16) (SEQ ID NOS: 26, 30, 33, 36) where B is A, C, G and T.

Particular embodiments of the disclosed compounds can be utilized as single nucleotide polymorphism probes. Three characteristics can be considered for the design of SNP probes: 1) the relative increase in fluorescence intensity upon hybridization to complementary nucleic acid targets (since excess probe cannot be washed out in homogeneous assays); 2) the brightness of the resulting target duplexes, defined as the product of the extinction coefficient of the fluorophore at the applied excitation wavelength ε_(ex) and the fluorescence emission quantum yield Φ_(F) (since this influences detection limits); and 3) the optical discrimination of singly mismatched nucleic acid targets (since this determines the robustness of the SNP-typing method). To fully evaluate these characteristics and gain additional insight into the binding mode of the fluorophore, absorption, steady-state fluorescence emission, and fluorescence excitation spectra of single stranded probes (SSPs) and of the corresponding duplexes with complementary or mismatched DNA targets were obtained. Deoxygenation was deliberately not applied to the samples since the scope of the work was to determine fluorescence enhancement under aerated conditions prevailing in bioassays, but a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that deoxygenation is not precluded in the current method. In addition, cross-calibrated fluorescence emission quantum yields (Φ_(F)) were determined relative to reference compounds that comprise fluorescent properties. Examples of reference compouds include, but are not limited to, pyrenebutanoic acid in methanol and 9,10-diphenylanthracene in cyclohexane following established protocols.

To fully evaluate the three previously mentioned characteristics and gain additional insight into the binding mode of the fluorophore, the absorption, steady-state fluorescence emission (λ_(ex)=344 nm) and fluorescence excitation (λ_(em)=404 nm) spectra of single stranded probes (SSPs) ON5-ON16 and of the corresponding duplexes with complementary or mismatched DNA targets were measured.

Hybridization of ON5-ON16 to complementary DNA can be accompanied by hypsochromic shifts in absorption and excitation maxima of the pyrene moiety of 3-7 nm from ˜345-350 nm to ˜342-346 nm. FIGS. 32-34 illustrate the absorption spectra obtained using particular embodiments of disclosed compounds to form duplexes between modified oligonucleotides and complimentary strands or mismatched strands. FIG. 32 illustrates the combined spectra for matched and mismatched duplexes formed with the P′ compound (ON 15, as referenced in FIG. 32); FIG. 33 illustrates the combined spectra for matched and mismatched duplexes formed with the P″ compound (ON7, as referenced in FIG. 33); and FIG. 34 illustrates the combined spectra for matched and mismatched duplexes formed with the P compound (ON11, as referenced in FIG. 34). The values for the wavelength at which maximum absorption occurs are provided in Table 22.

TABLE 22 Absorption maxima λ_(max) of single stranded (SSPs) and corresponding duplexes with matched or singly mismatched DNA targets.^([a]) λ_(max) (nm) ON SEQ ID NO: Sequences SSP B = A C G T  5 27 5′−CG CAA A P ″ A AAC GC 349 345 349 349 349  6 28 5′−CG CAA C P ″ C AAC GC 349 346 349 350 349  7 29 5′−CG CAA G P ″ G AAC GC 350 344 349 349 349  8 30 5′−CG CAA T P ″ T AAC GC 350 343 350 350 350  9 31 5′−CG CAA APA AAC GC 348 344 350 350 350 10  7 5′−CG CAA CPC AAC GC 350 345 350 350 350 11 32 5′−CG CAA GPG AAC GC 350 343 351 350 351 12 33 5′−CG CAA TPT AAC GC 350 343 350 350 350 13 34 5′−CG CAA A P′ A AAC GC 349 342 349 349 349 14  8 5′−CG CAA C P′ C AAC GC 349 344 349 349 350 15 35 5′−CG CAA G P′ G AAC GC 347 343 349 345 349 16 36 5′−CG CAA T P′ T AAC GC 349 344 349 349 349 ^([a])Absorption spectra were recorded in T_(m) buffer (see Table 1) using 1.0 μM concentrations of each strand. Absorption was recorded from 220 to 390 nm on a Cary 100 Bio UV/VIS spectrophotometer; each sample was scanned four times and the resulting averaged spectrum was smoothed using a filter size of nine. Target sequences: 3′−GC GTT TBT TTG CG−5′ (for ON5/ON9/ON13), 3′−GC GTT GBG TTG CG−5′ (for ON6/ON10/ON14), 3′−GC GTT CBC TTG CG−5′ (for ON7/ON11/ON15) and 3′−GC GTT ABA TTG CG−5′ (for ON8/ON12/ON16) where B is A, C, G and T.

FIGS. 35-37 illustrate the excitation spectra obtained using particular embodiments of disclosed compounds to form duplexes between modified oligonucleotides and complimentary strands or mismatched strands. The values for the wavelength at which maximum excitation occurs are provided in Table 23.

TABLE 23 Fluorescence excitation maxima λ_(ex,max) in absence (SSP) or presence of matched or singly mismatched DNA targets (λ_(em) = 404 nm.)^([a])  λ_(ex, )max (nm) ON SEQ ID NO: Sequences SSP B = A C G T  5 27 5′−CG CAA A P ” A AAC GC 348 344 348 346 348  6 28 5′−CG CAA C P ” C AAC GC 347 344 344 343 343  7 29 5′−CG CAA G P ” G AAC GC 346 343 345 343 346  8 30 5′−CG CAA T P ” T AAC GC 349 343 349 349 349  9 31 5′−CG CAA A P A AAC GC 348 344 350 347 350 10  7 5′−CG CAA C P C AAC GC 348 344 344 342 344 11 32 5′−CG CAA G P G AAC GC 346 343 343 342 344 12 33 5′−CG CAA T P T AAC GC 350 343 351 349 350 13 34 5′−CG CAA A P′ A AAC GC 348 343 347 346 347 14  8 5′−CG CAA C P′ C AAC GC 347 344 345 345 346 15 35 5′−CG CAA G P′ G AAC GC 345 342 345 342 345 16 36 5′−CG CAA T P′ T AAC GC 348 343 347 347 348 ^([a])Conditions as described in footnote of Table 21. Target sequences: 3′−GC GTT TBT TTG CG−5′ (for ON5/ON9/ON13), 3′−GC GTT GBG TTG CG−5′ (for ON6/ON10/ON14), 3′−GC GTT CBC TTG CG−5′ (for ON7/ON11/ON15) and 3′−GC GTT ABA TTG CG−5′ (for ON8/ON12/ON16) where B is A, C, G and T.

Another important characteristic for developing single nucleotide polymorphism probes is the ability to achieve detectable fluorescence intensity. This characteristic can be evaluated by measuring the extinction coefficients and quantum yields of particular embodiments. Increases in extinction coefficients (hyperchromic shifts) appear to be most pronounced for α-L-LNA compound P′ and least pronounced for DNA compound P″, as illustrated by the data provided in Table 24. Duplex formation between oligonucleotides modified with DNA compound P″ (ON5-ON8) and complementary DNA is accompanied with 2.4- to 9.6-fold increases in fluorescence intensity (FIG. 38) and high fluorescence quantum yields (Φ_(F)=0.33-0.58, Table 24). In concert, these observations suggest decreased electronic interactions between pyrene and quenching nucleobase moieties upon duplex formation. Oligonucleotides modified with LNA compound P(ON9-ON12) display similar hybridization-induced increases in fluorescence intensity (FIG. 39) but form duplexes with even higher quantum yields, particularly in the CYC- and GYG-sequence contexts (ON10 and ON11, Table 24). Interestingly, oligonucleotides modified with α-L-LNA compound P′ display larger hybridization-induced increases in fluorescence intensity in the AP′A- and TP′T-contexts (FIG. 40) than corresponding oligonucleotides modified with P″ or P compounds (e.g., compare ON8/ON12/ON16, FIGS. 38-40).

TABLE 24 Fluorescence quantum yields (Φ_(F)) and extinction coefficients ε₃₄₄ of fluorophore−containing oligonucleotides^([a]) □_(F)(□_(344nm)/cm^(−1•)mM⁻¹) ON SEQ ID NO: Sequences SSP B = A C G T  5 27 5′−CG CAA A P ” A AAC GC 0.21 0.44 0.31 0.10 0.16 (22) (24) (17) (17) (16)  6 28 5′−CG CAA C P ” C AAC GC 0.16 0.43 0.08 0.08 0.09 (19) (24) (17) (16) (18)  7 29 5′−CG CAA G P ” G AAC GC 0.04 0.33 0.04 0.05 0.03 (19) (20) (17) (15) (17)  8 30 5′−CG CAA T P ” T AAC GC 0.17 0.58 0.32 0.15 0.12 (21) (23) (18) (17) (16)  9 31 5′−CG CAA APA AAC GC 0.32 0.48 0.47 0.16 0.45 (19) (23) (17) (15) (16) 10  7 5′−CG CAA CPC AAC GC 0.27 0.67 0.14 0.09 0.12 (20) (29) (18) (16) (17) 11 32 5′−CG CAA GPG AAC GC 0.04 0.44 0.02 0.07 0.04 (25) (29) (20) (20) (20) 12 33 5′−CG CAA TPT AAC GC 0.31 0.61 0.62 0.17 0.31 (20) (28) (17) (18) (16) 13 34 5′−CG CAA A P′ A AAC GC 0.17 0.53 0.22 0.25 0.07 (11) (16) (8) (11) (9) 14  8 5′−CG CAA C P′ C AAC GC 0.23 0.61 0.19 0.24 0.10 (20) (30) (17) (23) (14) 15 35 5′−CG CAA G P′ G AAC GC 0.08 0.50 0.05 0.27 0.05 (23) (31) (20) (27) (16) 16 36 5′−CG CAA T P′ T AAC GC 0.28 0.80 0.44 0.40 0.17 (12) (20) (9) (14) (9) ^([a])Conditions as described in footnote of Table 21. λ_(ex) = 344 nm, T = 5° C. SSP =single stranded probes. The values in parentheses are the extinction coefficients of the fluorophore−containing oligonucleotides (measured at 344 nm).

Yet another important characteristic for developing single nucleotide polymorphism probes involves the formation of duplexes that allow for the optical discrimination of singly mismatched nucleic acid targets. Probes where DNA compound P″ is incorporated between flanking cytosine or guanine moieties display excellent optical discrimination of SNPs, as illustrated in FIG. 41 (ON7) by the large decrease in intensity for those sequences in which the modified oligonucleotide forms a duplex with a mismatched target. The large discrimination factors, I_(m)/I_(mm), are included in FIG. 38. I_(m)/I_(mm) is the fluorescence intensity of duplexes with complementary DNA divided by the intensity of SSPs or duplexes with mismatched DNA. Less efficient discrimination is observed in AP″A- and TP″T-sequence contexts, which demonstrates the need for nearby guanine moieties to quench pyrene monomer fluorescence and ensure efficient SNP discrimination. Oligonucleotides modified with C5-functionalized LNA compound P generally display improved SNP discrimination in the CPC- and GPG-sequence contexts (I_(m)/I_(mm)=7.3-15.9 and 8.3-41.9 for ON10 and ON11, respectively, FIG. 39) but less efficient discrimination in the APA- and TPT-sequence contexts. The emission spectra for compound P are illustrated in FIG. 42 (ON 11, as referenced in FIG. 42). By contrast, oligonucleotides modified with α-L-LNA compound P′ (ON13-ON16) display distinctly different fluorescence trends than ON5-ON12, e.g., the P′:G-mismatches are the least efficiently discriminated mismatches. This behaviour is surprising given the aforementioned efficiency of guanine to quench pyrene monomer fluorescence and that other SNP-typing probes discriminate G-mismatches well. Moreover, improved SNP discrimination is observed in the challenging AP′A- and TP′T-contexts although higher discrimination factors, in particular with G-mismatches, would be desirable for practical diagnostic applications (I_(m)/I_(mm)=3.4-14.1 and 2.9-11.4 for ON13 and ON16, respectively, FIG. 40). The emission spectra for compound P′ are illustrated in FIG. 43 (ON15, as referenced in FIG. 43).

Interestingly, the observed intensity-based mismatch discrimination factors of ON5-ON16 are not fully accounted by the differences in quantum yields between matched and mismatched duplexes—e.g., compare I_(m)/I_(mm)=5.8 with Φ_(F,m)/Φ_(F,mm)=0.61/0.19˜3.2 for ON14 vs. the C-mismatched target (FIG. 40 and Table 24, respectively). This reflects the fact that fluorescence brightness depends on the emission quantum yield Φ_(F) and the extinction coefficient (ε) of the fluorophore, which is markedly lower in mismatched duplexes than in matched duplexes (Table 24). Larger differences in extinction coefficients between matched and mismatched duplexes are observed for ON9-ON16 (LNA and α-L-LNA compounds P and P′). The results because all of the described embodiments demonstrate that a) decreased quantum yields in tandem with lower extinction coefficients of mismatched duplexes bring about the SNP discrimination of compounds P″, P, and P′, and b) without being limited to a single theory of operation, it is currently believed that conformational restriction of the furanose skeleton translates into altered emission output of polarity-sensitive fluorophores conjugated to the C5-position of pyrimidines.

A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that all the disclosed methods and compounds can be used with any nucleic acid, including RNA, in order to study the physical properties of duplexes between the disclosed probes and the particular nucleic acid target. In particular embodiments, the physical properties of duplexes between probes in the representative CBC- and TBT-sequence contexts and complementary or singly mismatched RNA targets can be analyzed. Similar trends in duplex thermostability, target specificity, excitation maxima, were observed compared to the corresponding studies with DNA targets, as illustrated in Tables 25, 26, and 27, respectively.

TABLE 25 Thermal denaturation temperatures of representative duplexes between probes and complementary (B = A) or mismatched RNA targets.^([a]) T_(m)(DT_(m)) mismatch DT_(m) SEQ ID [° C.] [° C.] ON NO: Sequences B = A C G U  2  6 5′−CG CAA CTC AAC GC 51.5 −15.5 −3.0 −13.5  6 28 5′−CG CAA C P ″ C AAC GC 46.5 (−5.0) −10.5 −5.0 −8.5 10  7 5′−CG CAA C P C AAC GC 49.5 (−2.5) −14.0 −5.5 −11.5 14  8 5′−CG CAA C P′ C AAC GC 48.5 (−3.0) −18.0 −4.5 −14.5  4 26 5′−CG CAA TTT AAC GC 40.0 −19.0 −5.0 −18.0  8 30 5′−CG CAA T P ″ T AAC GC 35.5 (−4.5) −8.0 −8.5 −5.5 12 33 5′−CG CAA T P T AAC GC 34.5 (−5.5) −12.0 −8.5 −10.5 16 36 5′−CG CAA T P′ T AAC GC 37.0 (−3.0) −16.0 −8.0 −13.5 ^([a])For conditions see footnote of Table 21.

TABLE 26 Fluorescence quantum yields (FF) of probes with complementary or mismatched RNA targets.^([a]) SEQ ID F_(F) ON NO: Sequences B = A C G U  6 28 5′−CG CAA C P ″ C AAC GC 0.48 0.11 0.26 0.11  8 30 5′−CG CAA T P ″ T AAC GC 0.44 0.23 0.27 0.19 10  7 5′−CG CAA C P C AAC GC 0.69 0.27 0.27 0.21 12 33 5′−CG CAA T P T AAC GC 0.51 0.36 0.30 0.24 14  8 5′−CG CAA C P′ C AAC GC 0.68 0.46 0.31 0.36 16 36 5′−CG CAA T P′ T AAC GC 0.50 0.18 0.39 0.14 ^([a])Conditions as described in footnote of Table 21.

TABLE 27 Fluorescence excitation maxima of probes in absence (SSP) or presence of complementary (B = A) or singly mismatched RNA targets (ιem = 404 nm).^([a]) SEQ ID λ_(ex,max) (nm) ON NO: Sequences SSP B = A C G U  6 28 5′−CG CAA C P ″ C AAC GC 347 345 345 346 345  8 30 5′−CG CAA T P ″ T AAC GC 349 345 350 349 350 10  7 5′−CG CAA C P C AAC GC 348 343 346 346 347 12 33 5′−CG CAA T P T AAC GC 350 345 350 348 350 14  8 5′−CG CAA C P′ C AAC GC 347 344 345 345 346 16 36 5′−CG CAA T P′ T AAC GC 348 346 348 348 348 ^([a])Conditions as described in footnote of Table 21.

As illustrated in FIG. 44 (CBC-sequence context) and 45 (TBT-sequence context), hybridization-induced increases in fluorescence intensity were also observed compared to the corresponding studies with DNA targets; however, the optical discrimination of mismatched RNA targets is generally much lower which is accompanied by higher quantum yields for mismatched duplexes. These observations can possibly indicate less facile intercalation of the pyrene moiety in mismatched RNA duplexes, possibly due to the more compressed DNA:RNA duplex architectures, which leads to less efficient nucleobase-mediated quenching. Probes modified with compounds P″ or P display similar optical discrimination of RNA-mismatches, whereas compound P′ modified probes display slightly improved discrimination in the TP′T-context (FIG. 45). Matched duplexes involving ONs modified with LNA compound P or α-L-LNA monomer P′ exhibit higher quantum yields than with compound P″.

Given the distinctly different fluorescent properties of ONs modified with compounds P″, P, P′, the proposed importance of anti to syn rotation of the glycosidic torsion angle for SNP-discrimination by compound P″ ([α]M. Petersen, C. B. Nielsen, K. E. Nielsen, G. A. Jensen, K. Bondensgaard, S. K. Singh, V. K. Rajwanshi, A. A. Koshkin, B. M. Dahl, J. Wengel, J. P. Jacobsen, J. Mol. Recognit. 2000, 13, 44-53; [b] M. Petersen, A. E. Håkansson, J. Wengel, J. P. Jacobsen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7431-7432.), and that the extreme sugar puckering of LNA and α-L-LNA nucleotides^([13]) might influence the anti to syn rotational barrier, it is possible to calculate the Gibbs free energy as a function of the glycosidic angle for the corresponding O3′,O5′-unprotected nucleosides of compounds P″, P, and P′. These Gibbs free energies were computed via the weighted histogram analysis method known to those skilled in the art to include the method described by Kollman et al. (J. Comput. Chem. 1992, 13, 1011-1021) using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent. FIG. 46 shows that the anti conformation is the global minimum of all three nucleosides, with a local minimum corresponding to the syn conformation (i.e., 25°<χ<45°). The syn conformation is the second lowest minimum for the 5-[3-(1-pyrenecarboxamido)propynyl]-2′-deoxyuridine and the difference between the anti and syn conformation is approximately 17 kJ/mol, thus the syn conformation is expected to be well populated. By contrast, the corresponding C5-functionalized LNA nucleoside has two additional minima at −70° and +115°, while the C5-functionalized α-L-LNA nucleoside has one additional local minimum at −60°, all of which are of lower free energy than the syn conformation. The syn conformation of the C5-functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA nucleosides will therefore not be as highly populated as for the 5-[3-(1-pyrenecarboxamido)propynyl]-2′-deoxyuridine nucleoside. The results suggest that the bicyclic skeletons of the C5-functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA nucleosides influence the glycosidic torsional angle profile.

VI. Methods for Using C5- or C8-Functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA

The disclosed compounds can be used in a variety of biological applications. The disclosed compounds can be utilized in any application where the targeting of a nucleic acid is a component of the process, such as, but not limited to, therapeutics, diagnostics, prophylaxis, drug discovery, and research kits.

Therapeutic applications include the treatment of diseases of genetic origin or those caused by a single nucleotide polymorphism. Examples of diseases include, but are not limited to, viral infections, obesity, cancer, and hypertension. Disclosed compounds can be used for treatment of diseases characterized by the production of particular proteins. For example, any organism utilizing DNA-RNA transcription or RNA-protein translation can be contacted with an oligonucleotide modified with at least one of the disclosed compounds. In single stranded nucleic acids, this oligonucleotide can hybridize with the single stranded nucleic acid coding for the particular protein and prevent its production. Particular examples of therapeutic indications include diseases caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal agents, inflammatory disorders and cancers of the skin, and tumorigensis. Typical examples of viral agents include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpesvirus, and papillomavirus. Specific antisense compounds for these viral agents have been identified and may be used in combination with or replaced by disclosed embodiments, thereby eliciting prophylactic, palliative, or therapeutic relief from the diseases caused by these particular viral agents. Inflammatory disorders of the skin that can be treated using the disclosed compounds include allergic contact dermatitis and psoriasis. Cancers of the skin can include benign (warts and moles) and malignant (carcinomas, sarcomas, and melanomas) tumors.

The treatment of diseases using the disclosed compounds can be used in triple helical nucleic acids. In this method of use, an oligonucleotide, containing one or more of the disclosed compounds, can be targeted to the specific gene that codes for a disease-related protein and bind to the major groove of the double stranded target, thereby preventing transcription. Antigene techniques utilizing the disclosed compounds and methods can be used in anti-virus diseases, such as HIV, and anti-cancer diseases, such as those involving the HER2/neu gene or the human multidrug-resistance mdr1 gene.

Diagnostic applications utilizing the disclosed compounds and/or oligomers into which they have been inserted include certain methods of gene expression analysis. Particular methods of gene expression analysis include DNA and protein arrays or microarrays, serial analysis of gene expression, restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs, total gene expression analysis, expressed gene sequence tag sequencing, subtractive RNA fingerprinting, subtractive cloning, differential display, comparative genomic hybridization, hybridization techniques (such as fluorescent in situ hybridization) and mass spectrometry methods. Typically, antisense oligonucleotides containing one or more of the disclosed compounds can be used to elucidate expression patterns of portions of or entire complements of certain expressed genes in cells and tissues.

An example of a diagnostic application utilizing the disclosed compounds concerns treating a sample, such as a cell or tissue, with one or more oligomers modified with one or more of the disclosed compounds. The expression patterns produced by this step can then be compared with patterns obtained in control samples (cells or tissues not treated with the modified oligomer) in order to detect differential levels of gene expression for areas including disease association, signaling pathways, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure, or function of the tested genes.

Oligomers modified with the disclosed compounds can also be used as primers or probes in gene amplification and/or detection techniques. The modified oligomers can act as probes, thereby identifying certain nucleic acid molecules that code for particular proteins. In addition, the modified oligomers can be used as primers for amplifying certain nucleic acid sequences in a polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR).

Hybridization techniques can also be employed using disclosed embodiments due to the high thermal affinity and specificity of particular embodiments. Oligonucleotides modified with certain disclosed embodiments can be used as probes that detect particular nucleic acid targets. In fluorescent in-situ hybridization techniques (FISH), these probes can comprise a fluorophore at one end of the oligonucleotide, while the other end comprises a quencher. The quencher will quench the fluorophore's signal until hybridization takes place at which point two possible alternatives can arise. The pre-hybridized hairpins (how the probe typically exists in solution) will unfold during hybridization, thus distancing the quencher from the fluorophore and allowing detection of fluorescence. Alternatively, hybridization of the oligonucleotide to the target will take place, followed by exonuclease or endonuclease-induced cleavage of the fluorophore or quencher, thereby allowing detection of fluorescence.

Disclosed embodiments comprehend the use of the disclosed compounds to produce modified oligomers that can be used in drug discovery determining how proteins influence or relate to a disease state, phenotype or condition. For example, an oligomer comprising one or more of the disclosed compounds can be added to a sample, tissue, cell, or organism in order to detect a target peptide. The levels of the nucleic acid or protein present at the target and the related phenotype can be measured after a certain time period. This measurement can then be compared with measurements obtained from samples, tissues, cells or organisms that have not been treated with a modified oligomer, or that have been treated with another modified oligomer (usually containing a different modification). Disclosed embodiments are not limited to this method, but can also be used in methods that are typically performed in parallel or combination in order to determine the function of unknown genes, which can aid in determining the validity of targeting a specific gene for the treatment or prevention of a particular disease, condition or phenotype.

Disclosed embodiments can be used to simultaneously analyze a nucleic acid target for multiple mutations. Oligonucleotides modified with one or more of the disclosed compounds can be immobilized in a set pattern on a solid support. A mutation in the nucleic acid sequence can then be detected because the mutation will hybridize at a certain predetermined position on the solid support. A similar solid support-based technique can be used to capture and purify natural or synthetic nucleic acids. For example, the natural or synthetic nucleic acid can be contacted with an oligomer that has been modified with one or more of the disclosed compounds, which have been immobilized on a solid surface. Hybridization of the modified oligomer with the nucleic acid can occur simultaneously with capture of the nucleic acid because the hybridized nucleic acid can be detected, characterized, quantified, and/or amplified directly on the surface. Alternatively, the captured nucleic acid can be released and undergo subsequent characterization and/or amplification upon exposure to denaturing conditions. Disclosed embodiments can be used in a kit that performs these functions, wherein the kit comprises a solid support and one or more modified oligonucleotides (either C5- or C8-functionalized LNA-modified or C5- or C8-functionalized α-L-LNA modified).

Examples of solid supports include polymer materials, such as polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, and polypropylene. The polymer material can be in the form of a plate, a stick, a pellet, a bead, a filter, a tube, a sheet, a film or the like. Attachment of the modified oligonucleotide can occur at either the 5′ or 3′ end of the nucleotide. Also, the modified oligonucleotide can be bound to the support via linkers. Typical chemical or photochemical methods can be used to bind the oligonucleotide to the support, such as immobilization or non-covalent coupling.

VII. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods for their Use

Disclosed embodiments can be used in biological media, both in vitro and in vivo, and exhibit desirable pharmacokinetic profiles, such as improved receptor-mediated or non-receptor-mediated cellular uptake when used without or with delivery agents, improved cellular compartmentalization of oligonucleotide probes, and altered biodistribution. The various moieties attached to the C5 or C8 position of the disclosed compounds can be manipulated in order to better facilitate particular pharmacokinetic aspects.

Another aspect of the disclosure includes pharmaceutical compositions prepared for administration to a subject and which include a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the currently disclosed locked nucleic acids. The therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed locked nucleic acid will depend on the route of administration, the species of subject and the physical characteristics of the subject being treated. Specific factors that can be taken into account include disease severity and stage, weight, diet and concurrent medications. The relationship of these factors to determining a therapeutically effective amount of the disclosed locked nucleic acids is understood by those of skill in the art.

Pharmaceutical compositions for administration to a subject can include carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents and the like in addition to the microbes/microbial enzymes of choice. Pharmaceutical compositions can also include one or more additional active ingredients such as anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, and the like.

Other ingredients include, for example, bulking agents, disintegrating agents, anti-adherents and glidants, lubricants, binding agents, flavoring agents, etc., including without limitation: bulking agents, such as microcrystalline cellulose (e.g., Avicel®, FMC Corp., Emcocel®, Mendell Incl.), mannitol, xylitol, dicalcium phosphate (eg. Emcompress, Mendell Incl.) calcium sulfate (e.g. Compactrol, Mendell Inc.) starches, lactose, sucrose (Dipac, Amstar, and Nutab, Ingredient Technology), dextrose (Emdex, Mendell, Inc.), sorbitol, cellulose powder (Elcema, Degussa, and Solka Floc, Mendell, Inc.), and combinations thereof; disintegrating agents, such as microcrystalline cellulose, starches, crospovidone (e.g., Polyplasdone XL, International Specialty Products.), sodium starch glycolate (Explotab, Mendell Inc.), crosscarmellose sodium (e.g., Ac-Di-Sol, FMC Corp.), and combinations thereof; antiadherants and glidants, such as talc, corn starch, silicon dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, metallic stearates, and combinations thereof; lubricants, such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearate, stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumarate, hydrogenated cotton seed oil (sterotex), talc, and waxes, including but not limited to, beeswax, carnauba wax, cetyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl palmitate, glyceryl behenate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, stearyl alcohol, and combinations thereof; and binding agents, such as polyvinyl pyrrollidone, starch, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, sucrose solution, dextrose solution, acacia, tragacanth, locust bean gum, and combinations thereof.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising embodiments of the disclosed C5- or C8-functionalized locked nucleic acids may comprise a single active ingredient (e.g., a monomer), or may comprise plural active ingredients. Generally, but not necessarily, the active ingredient has a window of absorption. Additional examples of active ingredients can be selected from the group consisting of disease management agents, appetite stimulants, appetite suppressants, dietary supplements, enzymes, fatty acids, gastrointestinal agents, and mixtures thereof.

The disclosed compositions may include an enteric material. Examples, without limitation, of suitable enteric materials include cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), cellulose acetate trimellitate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose succinate, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate succinate, cellulose acetate hexahydrophthalate, cellulose propionate phthalate, cellulose acetate maleate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, copolymer of methylmethacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate, copolymer of methyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid, copolymer of methylvinyl ether and maleic anhydride (Gantrez ES series), ethyl methyacrylate-methylmethacrylate-chlorotrimethylammonium ethyl acrylate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, natural resins such as zein, shellac and copal collophorium, commercially available enteric dispersion systems, including for example Eudragit L30D55, Eudragit FS30D, Eudragit L100, Eudragit 5100, Kollicoat EMM30D, Estacryl 30D, Coateric, and Aquateric, and combinations of such materials.

Disclosed embodiments of the compositions may include other ingredients. For example, and without limitation, such other ingredients include bulking agents, disintegrating agents, anti-adherents and glidants, lubricants, and binding agents. These ingredients are known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. Typical bulking agents include, but are not limited to microcrystalline cellulose (e.g., Avicel®, FMC Corp., Emcocel®, Mendell Incl.), mannitol, xylitol, dicalcium phosphate (eg. Emcompress, Mendell Incl.) calcium sulfate (e.g. Compactrol, Mendell Inc.) starches, lactose, sucrose (Dipac, Amstar, and Nutab, Ingredient Technology), dextrose (Emdex, Mendell, Inc.), sorbitol, cellulose powder (Elcema, Degussa, and Solka Floc, Mendell, Inc.), and combinations thereof. The bulking agent may be present in the composition in any useful amount, which typically ranges from about 5 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, more typically from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %.

Disintegrating agents that may be included in the composition include, but are not limited to, microcrystalline cellulose, starches, crospovidone (e.g., Polyplasdone XL, International Specialty Products.), sodium starch glycolate (Explotab, Mendell Inc.), crosscarmellose sodium (e.g., Ac-Di-Sol, FMC Corp.), and combinations thereof. The disintegrating agent may be present in the composition in any useful amount, which typically is from about 0.5 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, more typically from about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %.

Antiadherants and glidants that may be used in the composition include, but are not limited to, talc, corn starch, silicon dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, metallic stearates, and combinations thereof. The antiadherant or glidant may be present in the composition in any useful amount, which typically ranges from about 0.2 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, more typically from about 0.5 wt. % to about 5 wt. %.

Lubricants that may be employed in the composition include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearate, stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumarate, hydrogenated cotton seed oil (sterotex), talc, and waxes, including but not limited to, beeswax, carnauba wax, cetyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl palmitate, glyceryl behenate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, stearyl alcohol, and combinations thereof. The lubricant may be present in any useful amount, which typically is from about 0.2 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, more typically from about 0.5 wt. % to about 5 wt. %.

Binding agents that may be employed include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl pyrrollidone, starch, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, sucrose solution, dextrose solution, acacia, tragacanth, locust bean gum, and combinations thereof. The binding agent may be present in any useful amount, which typically is from about 0.2 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, and more typically from about 0.5 wt. % to about 5 wt. %.

Pharmaceutical formulations also can include additional components, such as carriers. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers useful for these formulations are conventional. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 19th Edition (1995), describes compositions and formulations suitable for pharmaceutical delivery of the formulations herein disclosed. In general, the nature of the carrier will depend on the particular mode of administration being employed. For instance, parenteral formulations usually contain injectable fluids that include pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable fluids such as water, physiological saline, balanced salt solutions, aqueous dextrose, glycerol or the like as a vehicle. For solid compositions (for example, powder, pill, tablet, or capsule forms), conventional non-toxic solid carriers can include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, or magnesium stearate. In addition to biologically-neutral carriers, pharmaceutical compositions to be administered can contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives, and pH buffering agents and the like, for example sorbitan monooleate.

The therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a locked nucleic acid administered can vary depending upon the desired effects and the factors noted above. Embodiments of the locked nucleic acid disclosed herein may be administered orally and may be administered in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles.

VIII. Examples

The following examples are provided to illustrate certain features of working embodiments of the present invention. A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the scope of the invention is not limited to the features of these working examples.

General Experimental Section for Method of Making C5-Functionalized LNA and α-L-LNA Compounds:

All reagents and solvents were of analytical grade and obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Petroleum ether of the distillation range 60-80° C. was used. CH₃CN was dried through storage over activated 3 Å molecular sieves. THF was dried by distillation over sodium metal, and subsequently stored over 4 Å molecular sieves. Anhydrous DMF was used as obtained from commercial suppliers. CH₂Cl₂, DCE, DCM, ET₃N and DIPEA were dried through storage over 4 Å molecular sieves. The water content of anhydrous solvents was checked by Karl-Fischer apparatus. Reactions were conducted under an atmosphere of argon whenever anhydrous solvents were used. All reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using silica gel coated plates with a fluorescence indicator (SiO₂-60, F-254) which were visualized under UV light and/or by dipping in 5% conc. H₂SO₄ in absolute ethanol (v/v) followed by heating. Silica gel column chromatography was performed with silica gel 60 (particle size 0.040-0.063 mm) using moderate pressure (pressure ball). Silica gel columns were generally built with an initial starting eluent containing 1% (v/v) of pyridine whenever the DMT-protected nucleosides were purified. Evaporation of solvents was carried out under reduced pressure at a temperature below 50° C. After column chromatography, appropriate fractions were pooled, evaporated and dried at high vacuum for at least 12 h to give the obtained products in high purity. ¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P NMR spectra were recorded at 500 Mhz, 125.5 MHz, 121.5 MHz respectively, unless otherwise stated. Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to deutrated solvents or other internal standards (trimethylsilane, 80% phosphoric acid for ¹H and ³¹P NMR). Exchangeable protons were detected by disappearance of peaks upon D₂O addition. Assignments of NMR spectra are based on 2D spectra (COSY, HSQC) and follow standard carbohydrate/nucleoside nomenclature. Quaternary carbons in ¹³C NMR were only assigned if HSQC and DEPT spectra indicated their presence (absence of signals in DEPT). The carbon atom of C4′-substituents is numbered as C5″. Similar conventions apply for the corresponding hydrogen atoms. Assignments of ¹H NMR signals of H5′/H5″/CH₂Ph and the corresponding ¹³C NMR signals are interchangeable. FAB-HRMS were recorded in positive ion mode on a jeol JMS-AX505HA mass spectrometer using 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol as a matrix and PEG as a calibration compound. ES⁺-HRMS were recorded on a Micromass Q-T of Premier mass spectrometer, in solution form. Desired compound was dissolved in a solution of concentrated solution of NaCl in anhydrous CH₃CN.

Example 1

5-iodo-LNA-U diol

To a solution of the nucleoside precursor (Kumar 2008) (200 mg, 0.78 mmol) in glacial AcOH (10 mL) was added iodine (119 mg, 0.47 mmol) and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN, 213 mg, 0.39 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 50 min. After cooling to rt, the mixture was evaporated to dryness and the resulting crude purified by column chromatography (0-15% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the iodinated nucleoside (0.26 g, 87%) as white solid powder. R_(f)=0.4 (10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 382.9732 ([M+H]⁺, C₁₀H₁₁IN₂O₆.H⁺, Calcd 382.9735); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.69 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.13 (s, 1H, H6), 5.65 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.40 (s, 1H, H1′), 5.27 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.4 Hz, 5′-OH), 4.13 (s, 1H, H2′), 3.91 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.79-3.82 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.68-3.75 (m, 2H, H5′), 3.58-3.62 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 160.5, 149.6, 143.5 (C6), 88.8, 86.4 (C1′), 78.5 (C2′), 70.8 (C5″), 68.4, 68.2 (C3′), 55.3 (C5′).

Example 2

5-iodo-5′-ODMT-LNA-U

The diol product from above (200 mg, 0.52 mmol) was coevaporated with anhydrous pyridine (10 mL) and redissolved in anhydrous pyridine (10 mL). To this was added 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMTr-Cl, 230 mg, 0.68 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h, whereupon it was diluted with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL). The phases were separated and the organic phase was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL), and the combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to near dryness, and coevaporated with toluene:abs. EtOH (2×30 mL, 1:2, v/v). The resulting crude was purified by column chromatography (0-4.5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the DMTr-protected iodide (0.28 g, 76%) as a slightly yellow solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 684.0977 ([M]⁺, C₃₁H₂₉IN₂O₈ ⁺, Calcd 684.0969); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.74 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 7.96 (s, 1H, H6), 7.23-7.45 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.91 (d, 4H, J=8.5 Hz, Ar), 5.70 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.44 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.24 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.07 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.74-3.76 (m, 8H, 2×OCH₃, 2×H5″), 3.39-3.42 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.28-3.31 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′, overlap with H₂O); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 160.5, 158.1, 158.0, 149.7, 144.6, 142.7 (C6), 135.3, 135.2, 129.7 (Ar), 129.6 (Ar), 127.9 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 113.3 (Ar), 87.5, 86.9 (C1′), 85.6, 78.8 (C2′), 71.3 (C5″), 69.4 (C3′), 68.9, 58.9 (C5′), 55.0 (CH₃O).

Representative Protocol for Sonogashira Coupling Reactions.

The vinyl iodide from the previous example, Pd(PPh₃)₄, CuI, and alkyne were added to anhydrous DMF [quantities and volumes specified below] and the reaction chamber was degassed and placed under an argon atmosphere. To this was added Et₃N and the reaction mixture was stirred in the dark until analytical TLC indicated full conversion of the starting material [reaction time and temperature specified below], whereupon solvents were evaporated off. The resulting residue was taken in up in EtOAc (100 mL) and sequentially washed with brine (2×50 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL). The combined aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (100 mL), and the combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness and the resulting crude residue purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to afford the desired product.

Example 3

C-5 TMS ethynyl LNA-U

After setting up the vinyl iodide from the previous experiment (0.68 g, 1.00 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (120 mg, 0.10 mmol), CuI (40 mg, 0.20 mmol), trimethylsilylacetylene (294 mg, 0.42 mL, 3.x mmol), and Et₃N (0.60 mL, 4.27 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the TMS acetylene (0.56 g, 85%) was obtained as a brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 677.2297 ([M+Na]⁺, C₃₆H₃₈N₂O₈SiNa⁺, Calcd 677.2290); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.68 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 7.85 (s, 1H, H6), 7.20-7.44 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.89 (d, 4H, J=8.5 Hz, Ar), 5.71 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.38 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.27 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.07 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.75-3.79 (m, 2H, 2×H5″), 3.73 (s, 6H, 2×OCH₃), 3.40-3.42 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.30-3.32 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′, overlap with H₂O signal), −0.04 (s, 9H, Me₃Si); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 161.5, 158.05, 158.03, 148.9, 144.5, 142.4 (C6), 135.4, 135.1, 129.6 (Ar), 129.5 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 126.5 (Ar), 113.1 (Ar), 97.8, 97.4, 96.8, 87.7, 87.0 (C1′), 85.4, 78.6 (C2′), 71.3 (C5″), 69.4 (C3′), 58.8 (C5′), 55.0 (CH₃O), −0.47 (Me₃Si).

Example 4

C-5 ethynyl LNA-U

To a solution of the TMS acetylene (0.53 g, 0.81 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF (TBAF, 1M, 1.2 mL, 1.2 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. At this point EtOAc (50 mL) was added and the organic phase sequentially washed with brine (2×30 mL) and H₂O (30 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (30 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness, and the resulting crude residue purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the pure desilylated acetylene (0.37 g, 78%). R_(f)=0.4 (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 621.1666 ([M+K]⁺, C₃₃H₃₀N₂O₈ ⁺K, Calcd 621.1634); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.70 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 7.88 (s, 1H, H6), 7.21-7.45 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.89 (d, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 5.70 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.45 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.27 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.04 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.95 (s, 1H, CH), 3.76 (s, 2H, 2×H5″), 3.75 (s, 6H, 2×CH₃O), 3.43-3.45 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.28-3.30 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′, overlap with H₂O signal); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 161.7, 158.0, 149.0, 144.6, 142.2 (C6), 135.3, 135.2, 129.7 (Ar), 129.6 (Ar), 127.9 (Ar), 127.6 (Ar), 126.7 (Ar), 113.3 (Ar), 97.2, 87.5, 86.9 (C1′), 85.7, 83.6, 78.9 (C2′), 76.2, 71.4 (C5″), 69.4 (C3′), 59.0 (C5′), 55.0 (CH₃O).

Example 5

C-5 TFA Protected Propargylamine LNA-U

After setting up the vinyl iodide from above (0.50 g, 0.73 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (90 mg, 0.07 mmol), CuI (30 mg, 0.14 mmol), 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(prop-2-ynyl)acetamide^(r) (180 mg, 1.46 mmol), and Et₃N (0.40 mL, 2.84 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the TFA-protected propargyl amine (0.41 g, 80%) was obtained as a brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS Submitted; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.69 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 9.95 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.5 Hz, NHCH₂), 7.78 (s, 1H, H6), 7.22-7.46 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.89 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, 3.5 Hz, Ar), 5.72 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.41 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.24 (s, 1H, H2′), 3.97-4.10 (m, 3H, H3′, CH₂NH), 3.79-3.83 (2d, 2H, J=x.x Hz, 2×H5″), 3.74 (s, 6H, 2×CH₃O), 3.56-3.58 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.26-3.28 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 161.6, 158.1, 158.0, 155.9 (q, J=36.1 Hz, COCF₃), 149.0, 144.6, 142.1 (C6), 135.4, 134.9, 129.8 (Ar), 129.6 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 115.6 (q, J=287.3 Hz, CF₃), 113.3 (Ar), 113.2 (Ar), 97.2, 87.6, 87.2, 86.9 (C1′), 85.6, 78.7 (C2′), 75.4, 71.3 (C5″), 69.6 (C3′), 59.1 (C5′), 55.0 (CH₃O), 29.4 (CH₂NH).

Example 6

C-5 C₁₈ Protected Propargylamine LNA-U

After setting up the vinyl iodide from above (0.34 g, 0.50 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (60 mg, 0.05 mmol), CuI (20 mg, 0.10 mmol), N-(prop-2-ynyl)stearamide (0.28 g, 1.00 mmol), and Et₃N (0.30 mL, 2.13 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 6 h. After workup and purification, the C₁₈ protected propargylamine (0.29 g, 68%) was obtained as a brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 877.4844 ([M]⁺, C₅₂H₆₇N₃O₉ ⁺, Calcd 877.4877); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 9.45 (bs, 1H, ex, NH), 8.05 (s, 1H, H6), 7.22-7.50 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.86-6.88 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, 1.5 Hz, Ar), 5.56-5.59 (m, 2H, 1 ex, H1′, NHCH₂), 4.52 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.29 (s, 1H, H3′), 3.78-4.00 (m, 10H, 2415″, CH₂NH, 2×CH₃O), 3.53-3.56 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.49-3.51 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.35 (bs, 1H, ex, 3′-OH), 1.85-1.88 (m, 2H, CH₂CONH), 1.44-1.51 (m, 2H, CH₂—CH₂CONH), 1.24-1.26 (m, 28H, SA-CH₂), 0.88 (t, 3H, J=x.x Hz, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 172.7, 162.1, 158.69, 158.67, 148.6, 144.6, 141.9 (C6), 135.5, 135.4, 130.02 (Ar), 130.01 (Ar), 128.1 (Ar), 128.0 (Ar), 127.0 (Ar), 113.44 (Ar), 113.43 (Ar), 99.1, 89.9, 88.4, 87.4 (C1′), 86.6, 79.1 (C2′), 74.2, 71.8 (C5″), 70.5 (C3′), 58.5 (C5′), 55.2 (CH₃O), 36.1 (CH₂CONH), 31.9 (CH₂), 29.9 (CH₂NH), 29.69 (CH₂), 29.68 (CH₂), 29.66 (CH₂), 29.64 (CH₂), 29.5 (CH₂), 29.38 (CH₂), 29.34 (CH₂), 29.33 (CH₂), 25.4 (CH₂—CH₂CONH), 22.7 (CH₂), 14.1 (CH₃).

Example 7

C-5 Cholesterol Protected Propargylamine LNA-U

After setting up the vinyl iodide from above (0.34 g, 0.50 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (60 mg, 0.05 mmol), CuI (20 mg, 0.10 mmol), cholesteryl-prop-2ynyl-carbamate (0.47 g, 1.00 mmol), and Et₃N (0.30 mmol, 2.13 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the cholesterol-protected propargylamine (0.27 g, 53%) was obtained as a brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 1046.5560 ([M+Na]⁺, C₆₂H₇₇N₃O₁₀.Na⁺, Calcd 1046.5507); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 9.40 (bs, 1H, ex, NH), 7.97 (s, 1H, H6), 7.22-7.49 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.87 (d, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 5.57 (s, 1H, H1′), 5.34 (d, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, HC═C-chol), 4.96 (bs, 1H, ex, NHCH₂), 4.53 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.40-4.46 (m, 1H, OCH-chol) 4.29 (bs, 1H, H3′), 3.83-3.98 (m, 4H, 2×H5″, CH₂NH), 3.79 (s, 6H, 2×CH₃O), 3.58-3.61 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.51-3.53 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.27 (bs, 1H, ex, 3′-OH) 0.87-2.29 (m, 40H, chol), 0.69 (s, 3H, CH₃-chol); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 162.1, 158.63, 158.60, 155.5, 148.7, 144.5, 141.8 (C6), 139.8, 135.44, 135.39, 130.0 (Ar), 128.1 (Ar), 128.0 (Ar), 127.0 (Ar), 122.5 (═CH, chole), 113.4 (Ar), 99.2, 90.1, 88.4, 87.4 (C1′), 86.6, 79.1 (CT), 74.7 (OCH-chol), 74.1, 71.9 (C5″), 70.6 (C3′), 58.6 (C5′), 56.7 (CH-chol), 56.2 (CH-chol), 55.2 (CH₃O), 50.0 (CH-chol), 42.3, 39.8 (CH₂-chol), 39.5 (CH₂-chol), 38.5 (CH₂-chol), 37.0 (CH₂-chol), 36.5, 36.2 (CH₂-chol), 35.8 (CH-chol), 31.9 (CH-chol & CH₂NH), 28.2 (CH₂-chol), 28.1 (CH₂-chol), 28.0 (CH-chol), 24.3 (CH₂-chol), 23.8 (CH₂-chol), 22.8 (CH₃-chol), 22.5 (CH₃-chol), 21.0 (CH₂-chol), 19.3 (CH-chol), 18.7 (CH-chol), 11.4 (CH₃-chol).

Example 8

C-5 Pyrenecarboxamide Propargylamine LNA-U

After setting up the vinyl iodide from above (0.50 g, 0.73 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (90 mg, 0.07 mmol), CuI (30 mg, 0.14 mmol), N-(prop-2-ynyl)pyrene-1-carboxamide^(r) (0.28 g, 1.00 mmol), and Et₃N (0.40 mL, 2.84 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the pyrenecarboxamide propargylamine (0.45 g, 74%) was obtained as a brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 862.2778 ([M+Na]⁺, C₅₁H₄₁N₃O₉.Na⁺, Calcd 862.2735); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.71 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 9.10 (t, ex, 1H, J=5.5 Hz, NHCH₂), 8.52-8.54 (d, 1H, J=9.5 Hz, Ar), 8.21-8.36 (m, 6H, Ar), 8.09-8.13 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.84 (s, 1H, H6), 7.23-7.46 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.90 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, 3.5 Hz, Ar), 5.73 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.45 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.23-4.34 (m, 3H, H2′, CH₂NH), 4.07 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.82 (ap bs, 2H, 2×H5″), 3.73 (s, 3H, CH₃O), 3.72 (s, 3H, CH₃O) 3.57-3.59 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.29-3.31 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′, overlap with H₂O); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 168.5, 161.8, 158.12, 158.07, 149.0, 144.7, 141.6 (C6), 135.5, 134.9, 131.7, 131.0, 130.7, 130.1, 129.9 (Ar), 129.6 (Ar), 128.3 (Ar), 128.1 (Ar), 127.90 (Ar), 127.89 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 127.1 (Ar), 126.7 (Ar), 126.5 (Ar), 125.8 (Ar), 125.6, 125.2 (Ar), 124.6 (Ar), 124.3 (Ar), 123.7, 123.6, 113.26 (Ar), 113.24 (Ar), 97.8, 89.4, 87.6, 87.0 (C1′), 85.6, 78.8 (CT), 74.6, 71.4 (C5″), 69.7 (C3′), 59.1 (C5′), 54.98 (CH₃O), 54.97 (CH₃O), 29.5 (CH₂NH).

Example 9

C-5 ethynylperylene LNA-U

After setting up the vinyl iodide from above (0.50 g, 0.73 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (90 mg, 0.07 mmol), CuI (30 mg, 0.14 mmol), 3-ethynylperylene^(r) (0.27 g, 1.00 mmol), and Et₃N (0.40 mmol, 2.84 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the ethynyl perylene compound (0.49 g, 80%) was obtained as a brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS Submitted; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.86 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.35-8.39 (m, 3H, Ar), 8.22 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, Ar), 8.12 (s, 1H, H6), 8.01 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, Ar), 7.79-7.84 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.53-7.57 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.48-7.50 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.09-7.37 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.83-6.87 (m, 4H, Ar), 5.77 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.51 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.33 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.22 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.77-3.83 (m, 2H, 2×H5″), 3.59 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.56 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.48-3.50 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.35-3.39 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 161.7, 158.05, 158.00, 149.0, 144.4, 141.2 (C6), 135.43, 135.37, 134.2, 133.6, 130.9, 130.7, 130.4 (Ar), 130.1, 129.9, 129.6 (Ar), 129.5 (Ar), 128.5 (Ar), 128.2 (Ar), 127.9 (Ar), 127.7 (Ar), 127.60, 127.57, 127.47 (Ar), 127.0 (Ar), 126.9 (Ar), 126.7 (Ar), 125.7 (Ar), 121.5 (Ar), 121.2, 121.1 (Ar), 120.0 (Ar), 119.4, 113.2 (Ar), 98.1, 90.9, 88.5, 87.7, 87.1 (C1′), 85.6, 78.8 (C2′), 71.4 (C5″), 69.4 (C3′), 58.7 (C5′), 54.80 (CH₃O), 54.75 (CH₃O).

Example 10

C-5 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic Acid Protected Propargylamine LNA-U

After setting up the vinyl iodide from above (200 mg, 0.29 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (40 mg, 0.03 mmol), CuI (13 mg, 0.06 mmol), prop-2-ynyl benzoate^(r) (180 mg, 1.12 mmol), and Et₃N (0.16 mL, 1.15 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid-protected propargylamine (150 mg, 63%) was obtained as a light brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS Submitted; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.69 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 9.33 (t, ex, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, NHCH₂), 8.74 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, Ar), 8.56 (dd, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, J=2.0 Hz, Ar), 7.81-7.82 (m, 2H, H6, Ar), 7.23-7.44 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.89 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, 1.5 Hz, Ar), 5.72 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.43 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.25 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.07-4.18 (m, 2H, CH₂NH), 4.03 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.81 (s, 2H, 2×H5″), 3.73 (s, 6H, 2×OCH₃), 3.57-3.59 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.27-3.30 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′, overlap with H₂O); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 163.5, 161.6, 158.10, 158.05, 149.0, 147.9, 146.8, 144.7, 141.9 (C6), 136.7, 135.4, 134.9, 130.8 (Ar), 129.8 (Ar), 129.6 (Ar), 128.1 (Ar), 127.9 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 119.6 (Ar), 113.2 (Ar), 97.4, 88.0, 87.6, 86.9 (C1′), 85.6, 79.1, 78.8 (C2′), 75.4, 71.4 (C5″), 69.6 (C3′), 59.1 (C5′), 55.0 (CH₃O), 29.6 (CH₂NH).

Example 11

C-5 Benzoyl Protected Propargylalcohol LNA-U

After setting up the vinyl iodide from above (0.50 g, 0.73 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (90 mg, 0.07 mmol), CuI (30 mg, 0.14 mmol), prop-2-ynyl benzoate (180 mg, 1.12 mmol), and Et₃N (0.40 mL, 2.84 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the benzoyl-protected propargyl alcohol (0.37 g, 70%) was obtained as a light brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 739.2289 ([M+Na]⁺, C₄₁H₃₆N₂O₁₀.Na, Calc 739.2262); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.72 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 7.91-7.93 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.89 (s, 1H, H6), 7.66-7.69 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.50-7.53 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.18-7.44 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.89 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, 3.0 Hz, Ar), 5.74 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.42 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.93-4.96 (d, 1H, J=16.0 Hz, CH₂OBz), 4.86-4.89 (d, 1H, J=16.0 Hz, CH₂OBz) 4.25 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.10 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.79-3.81 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5″), 3.75-3.76 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5″), 3.71 (s, 6H, 2×CH₃O), 3.53-3.55 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.27-3.29 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′, partial overlap with H₂O); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 164.9, 161.6, 158.1, 158.0, 149.0, 144.6, 142.7 (C6), 135.4, 135.0, 133.5 (Ar), 129.7 (Ar), 129.6 (Ar), 129.2 (Ar), 129.0, 128.7 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 113.20 (Ar), 113.17 (Ar), 96.8, 87.6, 86.9 (C1′), 86.3, 85.6, 79.2, 78.7 (CT), 71.3 (C5″), 69.4 (C3′), 58.7 (C5′), 54.9 (CH₃O), 53.1 (CH₂OBz).

Example 12

Click of 5-ethynyl-5′DMT-LNA-U with Pyrenemethylazide

To a solution of the desilylated acetylene compound (0.33 g, 0.56 mmol) and pyrenemethyazide^(r) (200 mg, 0.78 mmol) in THF:H₂O:t-BuOH (10 mL, 3:1:1, v/v/v), was added aq. sodium ascorbate (1M, 1.00 mL, 1.00 mmol) and aq. CuSO₄ (7.5%, w/v, 1.00 mL, 0.30 mmol). The solution was stirred at rt for 2 h, whereupon it was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and brine (50 mL) and the phases were separated. The organic phase was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL), and the combined aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness, and the resulting crude purified by column chromatography (0-75% EtOAc in petroleum ether, v/v) to afford the triazole (0.43 g, 91%) as a slightly yellow solid material. R_(f)=0.4 (70% EtOAc in petroleum ether, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 862.2869 ([M+Na]⁺, C₅₀H₄₁N₅O₈.Na, Calc 862.2847); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.69 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.55-8.58 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 8.44 (s, 1H, H-triazole), 8.29-8.36 (m, 5H, H6, Ar), 8.20-8.23 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 8.16-8.20 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 8.11 (t, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, Ar), 8.06-8.08 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, Ar), 7.09-7.40 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.88 (d, 4H, J=8.0 Hz, Ar), 6.40 (s, 2H, CH₂N), 5.68 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.55 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.32 (s, 1H, H2′), 3.91-3.95 (m, 2H, H3′, H5″), 3.81-3.84 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5″), 3.69 (s, 3H, CH₃O), 3.68 (s, 3H, CH₃O), 3.50-3.54 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5″), 3.25-3.27 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 161.2, 158.1, 158.0, 149.2, 144.7, 138.9, 135.1, 134.2 (C6), 131.0, 130.7, 130.1, 129.7 (Ar), 129.6 (Ar), 129.1, 128.4, 128.2 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 127.6 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 127.2 (Ar), 126.52 (Ar), 126.45 (Ar), 125.7 (Ar), 125.5 (Ar), 125.0 (Ar), 124.0, 123.7, 122.7 (Ar), 122.4 (CH-triazole), 113.3 (Ar), 113.2 (Ar), 104.5, 87.5, 87.1 (C1′), 85.6, 79.0 (CT), 71.5 (C5″), 70.0 (C3′), 59.8 (C5′), 54.9 (CH₃O), 54.8 (CH₃O), 50.7 (CH₂N).

Example 13

Click of 5-ethynyl-5′DMT-DNA-U with Pyreneazide

To a solution of the desilylated acetylyene (0.25 g, 0.36 mmol) and pyreneazide^(r) (110 mg, 0.45 mmol) in THF:H₂O:t-BuOH (10 mL, 3:1:1, v/v/v) was added aq. sodium ascorbate (1M, 0.70 mL, 0.70 mmol), and aq. CuSO₄ (7.5%, w/v, 0.65 mL, 0.19 mmol). The solution was stirred at rt for 2 h, whereupon it was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and brine (50 mL) and the phases were separated. The organic phase was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL), and the combined aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness, and the resulting crude residue purified by column chromatography (0-75% EtOAc in petroleum ether, v/v) to afford the triazole (23×mg, 76%) as a slightly yellow solid material. R_(f)=0.4 (70% EtOAc in petroleum ether, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 848.2712 ([M+Na]⁺, C₄₉H₃₉N₅O₈.Na⁺, Calcd 848.2691); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.85 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.84 (s, 1H, H-triazole), 8.58 (s, 1H, H6), 8.28-8.49 (m, 6H, Ar), 8.16-8.20 (overlapping d+t, 2H, Ar), 7.79 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, Ar), 7.09-7.40 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.88 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, J=2.0 Hz, Ar), 5.78 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.64 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.43 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.13 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.94-3.96 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, H5″), 3.87-3.89 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, H5″), 3.68 (s, 3H, CH₃O), 3.67 (s, 3H, CH₃O), 3.57-3.60 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.34-3.37 (m, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 161.3, 158.05, 158.02, 149.4, 144.6, 139.4, 135.3, 135.2, 135.0 (C6), 131.6, 130.6, 130.14, 130.09, 129.7 (Ar), 129.6 (Ar), 129.5 (Ar), 128.7 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 127.6 (Ar), 127.0 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 126.5 (Ar), 126.1 (Ar), 125.3, 125.1 (CH-triazole), 124.8 (Ar), 124.0, 123.7 (Ar), 123.3, 120.9 (Ar), 113.24 (Ar), 113.19 (Ar), 104.3, 87.6, 87.2 (C1′), 85.6, 79.0 (C2′), 71.5 (C5″), 70.0 (C3′), 59.5 (C5′), 54.9 (CH₃O).

Representative procedure for O3′-phosphitylation

The free alcohols described above were dried by the coevaporation with anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (2×10 mL) and dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂. To this was added DIPEA and 2-cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (PCl-reagent) [quantities and volumes specified below] and the reaction was stirred at rt until analytical TLC indicated complete conversion (2 h unless otherwise mentioned). The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL), washed with aq. NaHCO₃ (2×10 mL), and the combined aqueous phase back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness, and the resulting crude residue purified by column chromatography (typically 0-4% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v) and subsequent trituration from CH₂Cl₂ and petroleum ether to provide the desired phosphoramidites.

Example 14

C-5 ethynyl LNA-U Phosphoramidite

The C5-ethynyl compound (0.34 g 0.58 mmol), DIPEA (0.50 mL, 2.9×mmol), and PCl-reagent (0.20 mL, 0.87 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) were mixed, reacted, worked up and purified as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol to provide the phosphoramidite product (0.38 g, 83%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 805.2973 ([M+Na]⁺, C₄₂H₄₇N₄O₉P.Na⁺, Calcd 805.2958); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 149.8, 149.3.

Example 15

C-5 TFA protected propargylamine LNA-U phosphoramidite

The TFA-protected propargylamine (0.37 g 0.52 mmol), DIPEA (0.44 mL, 2.6 mmol), and PCl-reagent (0.18 mL, 0.78 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) were mixed, reacted, worked up and purified as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol to provide the phosphoramidite product (0.39 g, 80%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 930.3068 ([M+Na]⁺, C₄₅H₄₉F₃N₅O₁₀P.Na⁺, Calcd 930.3061); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 149.7, 149.1.

Example 16

C-5 C18 Protected Propargylamine LNA-U Phosphoramidite

The C₁₈-protected propargylamine (0.25 g, 0.28 mmol), DIPEA (0.18 mL, 1.4×mmol), and PCl-reagent 0.10 mL, 0.42 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) were mixed, reacted, worked up and purified as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol to provide the phosphoramidite product (180 mg, 60%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1100.5836 ([1\4+Na]⁺, C₆₁H₈₄N₅O₁₀P.Na⁺, Calcd 1100.5848); ([M+Na]⁺, C₆₁H₈₄N₅O₁₀P.Na⁺, Calcd 1100.5848); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 149.8, 149.2.

Example 17

C-5 Cholesterol Protected Propargylamine LNA-U Phosphoramidite

The cholesterol-protected propargylamine (240 mg, 0.23 mmol), DIPEA (0.19 mL, 1.5×mmol), and PCl-reagent (0.08 mL, 0.34 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) were mixed, reacted, worked up and purified as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol to provide the phosphoramidite product (190 mg, 66%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1246.6571 ([M+Na]⁺, C₇₁H₉₄N₅O₁₁P.Na⁺, Calcd 1246.6579); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 149.8, 149.3.

Example 18

C-5 Pyrene-Carboxamide LNA-U Phosphoramidite

The pyrene-carboxamide (0.25 g, 0.29 mmol), DIPEA (0.19 mL, 1.5×mmol), and PCl-reagent (0.09 mL, 0.38 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) were mixed, reacted, worked up and purified as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol to provide the phosphoramidite product (190 mg, 61%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1062.3807 ([M+Na]⁺, C₆₀H₅₈N₅O₁₀P.Na⁺, Calcd 1062.3814); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 149.7, 149.2.

Example 19

C5-Perylene LNA Phosphoramidite

The C5-perylene (0.47 g, 0.56 mmol), DIPEA (0.40 mL, 2.26 mmol), and PCl-reagent (165 μL, 0.73 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) were mixed, reacted (3 h), worked up and purified as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol to provide the phosphoramidite product (0.43 g, 78%) as a yellow foam. R_(f)=0.4 (4% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1055.3751 ([M+Na]⁺, C₆₂H₃₇N₄O₉P.Na⁺, Calcd 1055.3763); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 149.7, 149.3

Example 20

C5-Dinitrobenzene LNA Phosphoramidite

The 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid-protected propargylamine (100 mg, 0.12 mmol), DIPEA (90 μL, 0.50 mmol), and PCl-reagent (36 μL, 0.16 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) were mixed and reacted (5.5 h) as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol. The reaction mixture was then evaporated to dryness and the resulting crude purified as described in the protocol to provide the phosphoramidite product (41 mg, 33%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.2 (3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1028.3193 ([M+Na]⁺, C₅₀H₅₂N₇O₁₄P.Na⁺, Calcd 1028.3202); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 149.8, 148.7.

Example 21

C5-Bz-propargylalcohol LNA Phosphoramidite

The benzoyl-protected propargylalcohol (0.30 g, 0.42 mmol), DIPEA (300 μL, 1.67 mmol), and PCl-reagent (121 μL, 0.54 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) were mixed and reacted (5 h) as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol. At this point the reaction mixture was concentrated to 1/3 volume, diluted with diethyl ether (100 mL) and the organic phase sequentially washed with H₂O (35 mL), H₂O:DMF (70 mL, 1:1, v/v), H₂O (35 mL) and brine (35 mL). The organic phase was evaporated to dryness and the resulting crude purified as described in the protocol to provide the phosphoramidite product (150 mg, 43%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.6 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 939.3356 ([M+Na]⁺, C₅₀H₅₃N₄O₁₁P.Na⁺, Calcd 939.3341); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 149.8, 149.3.

Example 22

C5-pyrenylmethyltriazole (PyCH2Tz) LNA Phosphoramidite

The triazole (0.41 g, 0.49 mmol), DIPEA (345 μL, 1.95 mmol), and PCl-reagent (165 μL, 0.73 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) were mixed, reacted (2.5 h), worked up and purified as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol to provide the phosphoramidite product (190 mg, 40%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1062.3909 ([M+Na]⁺, C₅₉H₃₈N₇O₉P.Na⁺, Calcd 1062.3934); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 149.6, 149.1.

Example 23

C5-pyrenyltriazole (PyTz) LNA Phosphoramidite

The triazole (180 mg, 0.22 mmol), DIPEA (160 μL, 0.88 mmol), and PCl-reagent (63 μL, 0.28 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) were mixed and reacted (2.5 h) as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol, whereupon the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and washed with H₂O (2×25 mL). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness and purified as described in the protocol to provide the phosphoramidite product (184 mg, 82%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.7 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1048.3789 ([M+Na]⁺, C₅₈H₅₆N₇O₉P.Na⁺, Calcd 1048.3769); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) 149.8, 149.1.

Example 24

Representative Example of Alternate Route-Synthesis of TMS-Protected Acetylene

A mixture of the vinyl iodide intermediate illustrated above (1.20 g, 3.14 mmol), PdP(PPh₃)₄ (380 mg, 0.319 mmol) and CuI (387 mg, 0.64 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (10 mL) was degassed, and to this was added Et₃N (0.96 mL) followed by the addition of trimethylsilylacetylene (2.30 mL, 16.12 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 55° C. in the dark for 21 h, whereupon the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum. MeOH (30 mL) was added to the residue, and the mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, filtered, and washed with MeOH (50 mL). The combined filtrate was concentrated at reduced pressure to afford a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography (0-4% MeOH in DCM, v/v) to furnish the desired TMS acetylene (680 mg, 62%). FAB-HRMS m/z 352.1081 ([M]⁺, C₁₃H₂₀N₂O₆Si, Calcd 352.1091) ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 11.60 (bs, ex, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 5.64 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.4 Hz), 5.39 (s, 1H), 5.24 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.2 Hz), 4.15 (s, 1H), 3.91 (d, 1H, J=4.4 Hz), 3.80 (d, 1H, J=7.7 Hz), 3.72 (d, 2H, J=5.2 Hz), 3.60 (d, 1H, J=7.7 Hz), 0.19 (s, 9H); ¹³C (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 161.4, 148.8, 143.1, 98.0, 97.5, 96.7, 88.8, 86.4, 78.5, 70.7, 68.2, 55.3, −0.1.

Example 25

C-5 Ethynyl LNA-U

The TMS-protected acetylene above (100 mg, 028 mmol) was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and a 1M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF (0.3 mL, 0.3 mmol) was added and reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, whereupon the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the pure desilylated acetylene (55 mg, 69%). FAB-HRMS m/z 280.070 ([M]⁺, C₁₅H₂₀N₂O₆Si, Calcd 280.0695). NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 11.64 (bs, ex, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 5.63 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.4 Hz), 5.40 (s, 1H), 5.23 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.2 Hz), 4.16 (s, 1H), 4.06 (s, 1H), 3.91 (d, 1H, J=4.4 Hz), 3.81 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz), 3.73 (d, 2H, J=5.2 Hz), 3.60 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz).

Example 26

C-5 TFA Protected Propargylamine LNA-U

A mixture of nucleoside 2 (191 mg, 0.5 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (30 mg, 0.025 mmol) and CuI (10 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) and degassed. To this was added Et₃N (0.15 mL) followed by addition of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(prop-2-ynyl)acetamide (260 mg, 16.12 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. in the dark for 14 h, whereupon solvents were removed under vacuum. MeOH (20 mL) was added to residue and the mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, whereupon it was filtered and washed with MeOH (50 mL). The combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to give desired product 8c (105 mg, 52%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 11.67 (bs, ex, 1H), 10.04 (t, ex, 1H, J=5.2 Hz), 7.96 (s, 1H), 5.62 (d, ex, 1H, J=4.4 Hz), 5.40 (s, 1H), 5.22 (t, ex, 1H, J=5.5 Hz), 4.23 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 3.90 (d, 1H, J=4.4 Hz), 3.82 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz), 3.74 (d, 2H, J=5.5 Hz), 3.62 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz).

Example 27

Propargylamine LNA-U

The TFA-protected propargylamine (150 mg) was dissolved in sat. methanolic ammonia (20 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 2 h, whereupon the solvents were evaporated give a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography (0-30% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the free propargylamine (75 mg, 65%). FAB-HRMS m/z 310.1032 ([M+H]⁺, C₁₃H₁₆N₃O₆ Calcd 310.1032). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 5.63 (br s, ex, 1H), 5.41 (s, 1H), 5.22 (br s, ex, 1H), 4.16 (s, 1H), 3.90 (s, 1H), 3.82 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.62 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz), 3.45 (d, 2H, J=5.2 Hz).

General Procedure for Synthesis and Purification of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides

0.2 μmol scale synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ONs) C5-alkynyl functionalized LNA monomers was performed on an Expedite 8909 Synthesizer using succinyl linked LCAA-CPG (long chain alkyl amine controlled pore glass) columns with a pore size of 500 Å. Standard protocols for incorporation of DNA phosphoramidites were used, except for extended coupling times (15 min with DCI as activator, or 15 min with activator-42) and oxidations (45 sec). Cleavage from solid support and removal of protecting groups was accomplished by treatment with aq. ammonia (55° C., 24 h). Purification of all C5-functionalized LNA was performed to minimum 80% purity using either of two methods: a) overall synthesis yield>80%: cleavage of DMT using 80% aq. AcOH, followed by precipitation from acetone (−18° C. for 12-16 h) and washing with acetone, or b) overall synthesis yield<80%: purification of ONs by RP-HPLC as described below (Table S1), followed by detritylation and precipitation as outlined under a.

Purification of the crude ONs was performed on a Varian Prostar HPLC system equipped with an XTerra MS C18 pre-column (10 μm, 7.8×10 mm) and a XTerra MS C18 column (10 μm, 7.8×150 mm) using the representative gradient protocol depicted in Table 21. The composition of all synthesized ONs were verified by MALDI-MS analysis (Table 22) recorded in positive mode on a Quattro II, Waters Micromass LTD., U. K., mass spectrometer using anthranilic acid as a matrix, while purity (>80%) was verified by RP-HPLC (Table S1).

TABLE 25 Representative RP-HPLC gradient protocol.^(a) Time/min Buffer A/(v %) Buffer B/(v %) 0 100 0 2 100 0 50 30 70 64 0 100 69 0 100 71 100 0 80 100 0 ^(a)Buffer A is 0.05M TEAA (triethyl ammonium acetate) pH 7.4, while buffer B is 75% MeCN in H₂O v/v. A flow rate of 1.2 mL/min was used.

TABLE 26 MALDI−MS of synthesized ONs for C5−functionalized LNAs. ON Sequence Found m/z [M]⁺ Calc. m/z [M]⁺ X1 3′−CGT A X A GTG 2780.5 2781.9 X2 5′−GCA TA X  CAC 2709.5 2710.9 X3 5′−GCA  X AT CAC 2709.5 2710.9 X4 5′−GCA  X A X  CAC 2737.5 2738.9 Y1 3′−CGT A Y A GTG 2791.9 2791.2 Y2 5′−GCA TA Y  CAC 2719.5 2720.4 Y3 5′−GCA  Y AT CAC 2719.5 2720.4 Y4 5′−GCA  Y A Y  CAC 2757.5 2758.4 V1 3′−CGT A V A GTG 2820.5 2820.7 V2 5′−GCA TA V  CAC 2749.5 2749.7 V3 5′−GCA  V AT CAC 2749.5 2749.7 V4 5′−GCA  V A V  CAC 2817.5 2816.8 W1 3′−CGT A W A GTG 3087.2 3086.5 W2 5′−GCA TA W  CAC 3014.8 3015.8 W3 5′−GCA  W AT CAC 3014.8 3015.9 W4 5′−GCA  W A W CAC 3348.0 3349.1 Q1 3′−CGT A Q A GTG 3231.8 3233.1 Q2 5′−GCA TA Q  CAC 3159.8 3161.5 Q3 5′−GCA  Q AT CAC 3159.8 3161.9 Q4 5′−GCA  Q A Q CAC 3638.2 3640.8 O1 3′−CGT A O A GTG n/a 2820.5 O2 5′−GCA TA O  CAC n/a 2749.3 O3 5′−GCA  O AT CAC n/a 2749.3 O4 5′−GCA  O A O  CAC n/a 2817.5 α1 3′−CGT A α A GTG n/a 3040.5 α2 5′−GCA TA α  CAC n/a 2970.5 α3 5′−GCA  α AT CAC n/a 2970.5 α4 5′−GCA  α A α  CAC n/a 3257.6 β1 3′−CGT A β A GTG n/a 3047.5 β2 5′−GCA TA β  CAC n/a 2976.5 β3 5′−GCA  β AT CAC n/a 2976.5 β4 5′−GCA  β A β  CAC n/a 3271.6 γ1 3′−CGT A γ A GTG n/a 3033.5 γ2 5′−GCA TA γ  CAC n/a 2962.5 γ3 5′−GCA  γ AT CAC n/a 2962.5 γ4 5′−GCA  γ A γ CAC n/a 3243.6 P1 3′−CGT A P A GTG 3048.8 3048.5 P2 5′−GCA TA P  CAC 2977.8 2977.5 P3 5′−GCA  P AT CAC 2977.8 2977.5 P4 5′−GCA  P A P  CAC 3272.8 3272.7

Synthesis of C5-Functionalized-α-L-LNA Example 28

1-[2-O-Acetyl-3-O-benzyl-5-O-(methanesulfonyl)-4-C-(methanesulfonyloxymethyl)-α-L-threo-pentofuranosyl]uracil

The di-mesylate starting material of Scheme 7 (6.10 g, 12.0 mmol) and uracil (2.70 g, 24.0 mmol) were coevaporated with anhydrous CH₃CN (100 mL) and resuspended in anhydrous CH₃CN (150 mL). To this was added N,O-bis-trimethylsilylacetamide (BSA, 10.4 mL, 41.9 mmol) and the solution was refluxed until becoming homogeneous. After cooling to rt, trimethylsilyltriflate (TMSOTf, 5.5 mL, 29.9 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 28 h, whereupon it was concentrated to ear dryness. The resulting residue was taken up in EtOAc (200 mL), washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (100 mL) and the combined organic phase dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to dryness. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the uracil-coupled nucleoside (4.80 g, 85%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 563.0998 ([M+H]⁺, C₂₁H₂₅N₂O₁₂S₂.H⁺, Calcd 563.1005; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.40 (d, 1H, ex, J=2.0 Hz, NH), 7.76 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H6), 7.35-7.38 (m, 5H, Ph), 6.09 (d, 1H, J=6.0 Hz, H1′), 5.68 (dd, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz, H5), 5.53 (t, 1H, J=6.0 Hz, H2′), 4.68-4.71 (d, 1H, J=12.0 Hz, CH₂Ph) 4.65-4.67 (d, 1H, J=12.0 Hz CH₂Ph), 4.59 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 4.39-4.46 (m, 4H, H3′, H5′, 2×H5″), 3.26 (s, 3H, CH₃SO₂), 3.20 (s, 3H, CH₃SO₂), 2.02 (s, 3H, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₅) δ 169.5, 162.7, 150.3, 140.2 (C6), 137.1, 128.3 (Ar), 127.9 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 102.6 (C5), 84.6 (C1′), 81.8, 80.6 (C3′), 77.2 (C2′), 72.4 (CH₂Ph), 68.3 (C5″), 67.8 (C5′), 36.7 (CH₃SO₂), 36.5 (CH₃SO₂), 20.3 (CH₃).

Example 29

1-[3-O-Benzyl-5-O-(methylsulfonyl)-4-C-(methanesulfonyloxymethyl)-α-L-threo-pentofuranosyl]uracil

Method A.

HCl in MeOH (1M, 50 mL) was added to a solution of the uracil-coupled nucleoside from the previous example (2.81 g, 5.00 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL), and after stirring the reaction mixture at rt for 24 h, the solvent was removed at reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL), washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL) and the aqueous phase back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to dryness to afford analytically the pure free alcohol (2.52 g, 97%) as a white solid material. R_(f)=0.4 (4% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 521.0900 ([M+H]⁺, C₁₉H₂₄N₂O₁₁ S₂.H⁺, Calcd 521.0894; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.41 (d, 1H, ex, J=2.0 Hz, NH), 7.76 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H6), 7.29-7.40 (m, 5H, Ph), 6.11 (d, 1H, ex, J=5.0 Hz, 2′ OH), 5.91 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz, H1′), 5.67 (dd, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz, H5), 4.74-4.77 (d, 1H, J=12.0 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.67-4.69 (d, 1H, J=12.0 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.33-4.52 (m, 5H, H2′, 2×H5′, 2×H5″), 4.19 (d, 1H, J=6.5 Hz, H3′), 3.26 (s, 3H, CH₃SO₂), 3.20 (s, 3H, CH₃SO₂); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) 162.7, 150.7, 140.4 (C6), 137.5, 128.3 (Ar), 127.9 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 102.5 (C5), 85.9 (C1′), 82.7 (C3′), 80.8 (C4′), 75.7 (C2′), 72.3 (CH₂Ph), 68.9 (C5″), 68.2 (C5′), 36.6 (CH₃SO₂), 36.5 (CH₃SO₂).

Method B.

To a solution of the uracil-coupled nucleoside from the previous example (1.50 g, 2.66 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was added sat. methanolic ammonia (50 mL). The solution was stirred for 2 h at rt whereupon solvents were evaporated off. The resulting crude was purified by column chromatography (0-3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the free alcohol (1.11 g, 80%) as a white solid material with physical data as reported above.

Example 30

Trimesylate

The free alcohol from the previous example (10.00 g, 19.2 mmol) was coevaporated with anhydrous pyridine (2×75 mL) and redissolved in anhydrous pyridine (120 mL). To this was added methanesulfonyl chloride (MSCl, 1.8 mL, 23.3 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h at rt whereupon it was poured into sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (200 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×200 mL). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to dryness to afford analytically the pure trimesylate product (11.26 g, 98%) as a slightly brown solid material. R_(f)=0.4 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 599.0675 ([M+H]⁺, C₂₀H₂₆N₂O₁₃S₃.H⁺, Calcd 599.0670); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.47 (d, 1H, ex, J=2.0 Hz, NH), 7.76 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H6), 7.34-7.42 (m, 5H, Ph), 6.24 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz, H1′), 5.70 (dd, 1H, 8.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz, H5), 5.54 (t, 1H, J=7.0 Hz, H2′), 4.71 (s, 2H, CH₂Ph), 4.61 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 4.59 (d, 1H, J=7.0 Hz, H3), 4.41-4.48 (m, 3H, H5′ 2×H5″), 3.27 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.24 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.18 (s, 3H, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 162.7, 150.4, 140.3 (C6), 136.8 (Ar), 128.3 (Ar), 128.1 (Ar), 128.0 (Ar), 102.7 (C5), 83.5 (C1′), 81.0 (C2′), 80.9 (C4′), 80.7 (C3′), 72.9 (CH₂Ph), 68.4 (C5″), 67.6 (C5′), 37.7 (CH₃SO₂) 36.7 (CH₃SO₂), 36.6 (CH₃SO₂).

Example 31

1-(3-O-Benzyl-5-O-methanesulfonyl-2-O,4-C-methylene-α-L-ribofuranosyl)uracil

To a solution of the trimesylate from the previous example (9.87 g, 16.5 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane:H₂O (60 mL, 1:1, v/v) was added NaOH (2M, 50 mL, 0.10 mol). After stirring at rt for 4 h, the reaction mixture was neutralized by 10% aq. AcOH, diluted with EtOAc (300 mL) and the phases separated. The organic phase was sequentially washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and H₂O (100 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to dryness to afford analytically the pure bicycle product (7.00 g, quant.) as slightly brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (80% EtOAc in petroleum ether, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 425.1018 ([M+H]⁺, C₁₈H₂₀N₂O₈S.H⁺, Calcd 425.1013; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.39 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 7.79 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H6), 7.30-7.38 (m, 5H, Ph), 5.97 (s, 1H, H1′), 5.62 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5), 4.50-4.70 (m, 6H, H2′, H3′, 2×CH₂Ph, 2×H5′), 4.05-4.06 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.99-4.01 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.23 (s, 3H, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 163.0, 150.2, 140.3 (C6), 137.5 (Ar), 128.2 (Ar), 127.6 (Ar), 127.4 (Ar), 100.5 (C5), 86.6 (C1′), 86.5, 79.2 (C2′),^(r) 76.3 (C3′), 71.8 (C5″), 71.2 (CH₂Ph), 65.3 (C5′) 36.8 (CH₃SO₂). A trace impurity of 1,4-dioxane was identified and the compound was used as such in next step without further purification.

Example 32

α-LNA-U-Bz

To a solution of the pure bicycle product from the previous example (7.00 g, 16.5 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (300 mL) was added NaOBz (7.00 g, 48.6 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 20 h, whereupon it was cooled to rt and poured into ice cold water (500 mL). The solution was extracted with EtOAc (2×300 mL) and the organic phase sequentially washed with H₂O (2×150 mL) and brine (100 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to dryness to afford analytically the benzoylated bicycle product (7.24 g, 98%) as a slightly brown solid material. R_(f)=0.6 (80% EtOAc in petroleum ether, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 451.1505 ([M+H]⁺, C₂₄H₂₂N₂O₇.H⁺, Calcd 451.1500; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.38 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 7.97-7.99 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.82 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H6), 7.66-7.70 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.51-7.54 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.26-7.36 (m, 5H, Ph), 6.00 (s, 1H, H1′), 5.62 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5), 4.54-4.75 (m, 6H, H2′, H3′, CH₂Ph, 2×H5′), 4.14-4.16 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 4.07-4.09 (d, 1H, J′ 8.5 Hz, H5″); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 165.2, 163.0, 150.2, 140.7 (C6), 137.5 (Ar), 133.5 (Ar), 129.3 (Ar), 129.0 (Ar), 128.7 (Ar), 128.2 (Ar), 127.6 (Ar), 127.4 (Ar), 100.5 (C5), 86.9 (C1′), 86.5, 79.2 (C2′), 76.2 (C3′), 72.1 (C5″), 71.1 (CH₂Ph), 59.8 (C5′).

Example 33

Debenzoylated Product.

Method A.

To a solution of the benzoylated bicycle from the previous example (5.00 g, 11.1 mmol) dissolved in MeOH (100 mL) was added sat. methanolic ammonia (100 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 14 hr whereupon the solvent was evaporated off and the resulting residue purified by column chromatography (0-7% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the debenzoylated product (3.66 g, 95%) as a white solid material. R_(f)=0.4 (7% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 347.1230 ([M+H]⁺, C₁₇H₁₈N₂O₆.H⁺, Calcd 347.1243); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.36 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 7.80 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H6), 7.30-7.36 (m, 5H, Ph), 5.88 (s, 1H, H1′), 5.62 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5), 5.05 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.5 Hz, 5′—OH), 4.67-4.69 (d, 1H, J=12.0 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.64-4.66 (d, 1H, J=12.0 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.52 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.33 (s, 1H, H3′), 3.95-3.97 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.92-3.94 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.74 (d, 2H, J=5.5 Hz, 2×H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 163.1, 150.2, 140.4 (C6), 137.8, 128.2 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 127.3 (Ar), 100.3 (C5), 90.1 (C4′), 86.5 (C1′), 79.2 (C3′), 76.3 (C2′), 72.3 (C5″), 71.0 (CH₂Ph), 57.1 (C5′).

Method B.

To a solution of the benzoylated bicycle product from the previous example (1.50 g, 3.33 mmol) in THF:H₂O (25 mL, 1:1, v/v) was added aq. NaOH (2M, 10 mL, 20 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 4 hr, whereupon it was carefully neutralized with 10% aq. AcOH at 0° C. and diluted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and the combined aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to dryness to afford the debenzoylated product (1.05 g, 91%) as a slightly brown solid of adequate purity to proceed in the next step without further purification.

Example 34

α-LNA-U-diol

To a solution of the debenzoylated product (1.50 g, 4.32 mmol) in THF:MeOH (100 mL, 9:1, v/v), was added Pd(OH)₂/C (20 wt %, 0.60 g) and 88% aq. formic acid (2.3 mL, 61.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 24 h whereupon it was cooled to rt. The catalyst was filtered off, washed with excess MeOH, and the combined filtrates concentrated to dryness. The resulting crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-16% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the diol product (0.94 g, 85%) as a white solid material. R_(f)=0.4 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 257.0760 ([M+H]⁺, C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₆.H⁺, Calcd 257.0768); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.34 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 7.79 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H6), 5.87 (s, 1H, H1′), 5.85 (d, ex, J=4.0 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.63 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5), 4.92 (t, ex, J=5.5 Hz, 5′-OH), 4.26 (d, 1H, J=4.0 Hz, H3′), 4.21 (s, 1H, H2′), 3.92-3.93 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.88-3.90 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.72 (d, 2H, J=5.5 Hz, 2×H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 163.1, 150.2, 140.4 (C6), 100.1 (C5), 90.9, 86.4 (C1′), 78.7 (CT), 72.4 (C3′), 71.8 (C5″), 57.3 (C5′).

The stereochemistry of final diol was assigned on the basis of ROESY as it showed in space coupling between H6 and H5″, and also between H5′ and H3′. Beside this absence of in space coupling between H2′ and H5 further confirms the reported structure.

Example 35

5-iodo-5′DMT-α-L-LNA U

Ac₂O (0.21 mL, 2.20 mmol) was added to a solution of the diol from the previous example (0.25 g, 1.00 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 14 h. After cooling to rt, the reaction mixture was diluted with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (30 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and the phases were separated. The organic phase was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and the combined aqueous phase subsequently back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness, and coevaporated with toluene:abs EtOH (2×30 mL, 1:2, v/v). The resulting crude, tentatively assigned as the O3′,O5′-diacetylated nucleoside, was used in next step without further purification [R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-MS m/z 341 ([M+H]⁺); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 11.40 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 5.63 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 6.07 (s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 4.57 (s, 1H), 4.37-4.39 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.12 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz), 3.95-3.98 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H)].

To a solution of the crude O3′,O5′-diacetylated α-L-LNA uridine in glacial AcOH (10 mL) was added iodine (160 mg, 0.62 mmol) and eerie ammonium nitrate (CAN, 235 mg, 0.50 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 50 min. After cooling to rt, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, and taken up in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The organic phase was sequentially washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (2×20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL). The combined aqueous phase was back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL), and the combined organic phase dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to dryness. This resulting crude, tentatively assigned as the C5-iodo-O3′,O5′-diacetylated nucleoside, was used in next step without further purification. [R_(f)=0.5 (3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 466.9966 ([M+H]⁺, C₁₄H₁₅IN₂O₈.H+, Calcd 466.9946); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.75 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 6.02 (s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 1H), 4.58 (s, 1H), 4.44-3.47 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.36-4.39 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 3.98-4.02 (m, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H)].

The crude C5-iodo-O3′,O5′-diacetylated nucleoside was dissolved in sat. methanolic ammonia (30 mL) and stirred in a sealed flask at rt for 12 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness affording a crude residue that was tentatively assigned as the C5-iodo α-L-LNA diol and used in next step without further purification. [R_(f)=0.4 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 382.9735 ([M+H]⁺, C₁₀H₁₁IN₂O₆.H+, Calcd 382.9740); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.75 (s, 1H, ex), 8.08 (s, 1H), 5.87 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz), 5.83 (s, 1H), 4.97 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.4 Hz), 4.24 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz,), 4.22 (s, 1H), 3.93-3.95 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 3.78-3.80 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 3.72-3.74 (m, 2H)].

The crude C5-iodo α-L-LNA diol was dried by coevaporation with anhydrous pyridine (10 mL) and redissolved in anhydrous pyridine (10 mL). To this was added 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMTrCl, 0.40 g, 1.20 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h, whereupon it was diluted with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL). The phases were separated, and the organic phase washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL), and the combined organic phase dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to near dryness, and coevaporated with toluene:abs. EtOH (2×30 mL, 1:2, v/v). The resulting residue was purified by column chromatography (0-4.5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the DMTr-protected nucleoside product (0.48 g, 70%, over four steps) as a light yellow solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 684.0980 ([M]⁺, C₃₁H₂₉IN₂O₈, Calcd 684.0969); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.77 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.15 (s, 1H, H6), 7.23-7.42 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.91 (d, 4H, J=8.5 Hz, Ar), 5.91 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.89 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.34 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 4.27 (s, 1H, H2′), 3.99-4.01 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″) 3.93-3.94 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.74 (s, 6H, 2×OCH₃), 3.34-3.36 (d, 1H, J=10.5 Hz, H5′), 3.28-3.31 (d, 1H, J=10.5 Hz, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 160.5, 158.1, 158.0, 149.9, 144.6, 144.2 (C6), 135.2, 135.0, 129.6 (Ar), 129.6 (Ar), 127.9 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 126.7 (Ar), 113.2 (Ar), 89.3, 87.2 (C1′), 85.2, 78.7 (C2′), 72.8 (C3′), 72.2 (C5″), 67.6, 60.0 (C5′), 55.0 (CH₃O).

Example 36

5-iodo-α-L-LNA U

To a solution of the diol product from the previous example (200 mg, 0.78 mmol) in glacial AcOH (10 mL) was added iodine (119 mg, 0.47 mmol) and ceric ammonium nitrate (213 mg, 0.39 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 50 min. After cooling to rt, the mixture was evaporated to dryness, and the resulting crude purified by column chromatography (0-16% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the vinyl iodide product (240 mg, 80%) as white solid material. R_(f)=0.4 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 382.9735 ([M+H]⁺, C₁₀H₁₁IN₂O₆.H⁺, Calcd 382.9740); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.75 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.08 (s, 1H, H6), 5.87 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.83 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.97 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.4 Hz, 5′-OH), 4.24 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 4.22 (s, 1H, H2′), 3.93-3.95 (d, 1H, i=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.78-3.80 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.72-3.74 (m, 2H, 2×H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 160.4, 149.9, 144.2 (C6), 91.1, 87.0 (C1′), 78.6 (C2′), 72.4 (C3′), 72.0 (C5″), 67.6, 57.4 (C5′).

Example 37

5-iodo-5′DMT-α-L-LNA U

The vinyl iodide product from the previous example (200 mg, 0.52 mmol) was coevaporated with anhydrous pyridine (10 mL) and redissolved in anhydrous pyridine (10 mL). To this was added 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMTrCl, 230 mg, 0.68 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h, whereupon it was diluted with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL). The phases were separated, and the organic phase was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL), and the combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated to near dryness, and coevaporated with toluene:abs. EtOH (2×30 mL, 1:2, v/v). The resulting crude was purified by column chromatography (0-4.5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the DMTr-protected vinyl iodide product (250 mg, 70%) as a light yellow solid material with identical physical data as described above.

Representative Protocol for Sonogashira Coupling Reactions

The DMTr-protected vinyl iodide from the previous example, Pd(PPh₃)₄, CuI, and alkyne were added to anhydrous DMF [quantities and volumes specified below], and the reaction chamber was degassed and placed under an argon atmosphere. To this was added Et₃N and the reaction mixture was stirred in the dark at rt f whereupon solvents were evaporated off. The resulting residue was taken in up in EtOAc (100 mL) and sequentially washed with brine (2×50 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL). The combined aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (100 mL), and the combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness and the crude residue purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to afford the coupled products.

Example 38

C-5 TMS ethynyl-5′DMT-α-L-LNA U

After setting up the DMTr-protected vinyl iodide (0.68 g, 1.00 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (120 mg, 0.10 mmol), CuI (40 mg, 0.20 mmol), trimethylsilylacetylene (0.42 mL, 3.00 mmol) and Et₃N (0.60 mL, 4.27 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the TMS-protected acetylene (0.55 g, 84%) was obtained as a slightly brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); FAB-HRMS m/z 655.2462 ([M+H]⁺, C₃₆H₃₈N₂O₈Si.H⁺, Calcd 655.2476); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.75 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 7.92 (s, 1H, H6), 7.21-7.41 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.89 (d, 4H, J=8.5 Hz, Ar), 5.93 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.91 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.38 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 4.26 (s, 1H, H2′), 3.99-4.01 (d, 1H, J.=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.93-3.95 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.74 (s, 6H, 2×OCH₃), 3.34 (s, 2H, H5′), 0.23 (s, 9H, SiMe₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 161.3, 158.1, 149.1, 144.6, 143.6 (C6), 135.2, 135.1, 129.66 (Ar), 129.63 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 113.2 (Ar), 97.8, 97.1, 96.9, 89.4, 87.3 (C1′), 85.3, 78.5 (C2′), 72.7 (C3′), 72.3 (C5″), 60.0 (C5′), 54.9 (CH₃O), −0.11 (Si(CH₃)₃).

Example 39

C-5-ethynyl-5′DMT-α-L-LNA U

To a solution of the TMS-protected acetylene (0.53 g, 0.81 mmol) in THF (20 mL), was added TBAF in THF (1M, 1.2 mL, 1.2 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. EtOAc (50 mL) was added and the solution was sequentially washed with brine (2×30 mL) and H₂O (30 mL), and the combined aqueous phase back-extracted with EtOAc (30 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated to dryness, and the resulting crude residue purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford the pure desilylated acetylene (0.37 g, 78%) as a light brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 605.1918 ([M+Na]⁺, C₃₃H₃₀N₂O₈.Na, Calc 605.1894); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.74 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.02 (s, 1H, H6), 7.23-7.41 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.89 (d, 4H, J=8.5 Hz, Ar), 5.92 (m, 2H, 1ex, H1′, 3′-OH), 4.39 (s, 1H, HC≡C), 4.27 (s, 1H, H3′), 4.18 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.01-4.03 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.91-3.92 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.74 (s, 6H, 2×CH₃O), 3.32 (s, 2H, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 161.6, 158.1, 149.1, 144.6, 143.6 (C6), 135.2, 135.1, 129.6 (Ar), 128.8 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 113.2 (Ar), 96.4, 89.4, 87.2 (C1′), 85.2, 83.3, 78.7 (C2′), 76.3 (C3′), 72.7 (HC═C), 72.2 (C5″), 59.8 (C5′), 54.9 (CH₃O).

Example 40

C-5 benzoylprotected propargylalcohol α-L-oxy-LNA-U

After setting up the DMTr-protected vinyl iodide (0.50 g, 0.73 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (90 mg, 0.07 mmol), CuI (30 mg, 0.14 mmol), prop-2-ynyl benzoate (180 mg, 1.12 mmol), and Et₃N (0.40 mL, 2.84 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the benzoyl-protected propargylalcohol (0.40 g, 76%) was obtained as a slightly brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 739.2234 ([M+Na]⁺, C₄₁H₃₆N₂O₁₀ Na, Calc 739.2262); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.78 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.03 (s, 1H, H6), 7.97-7.99 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.65-7.69 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.50-7.53 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.17-7.42 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.90 (d, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 5.93 (bs, 2H, 1ex, H1′, 3′-OH), 5.20 (s, 2H, CH₂OBz), 4.41 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 4.27 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.01-4.03 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5″), 3.91-3.92 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5″), 3.72 (s, 6H, 2×OCH₃), 3.29 (s, 2H, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 165.0, 161.4, 158.1, 149.1, 144.6, 144.0 (C6), 135.1, 135.0, 133.5, 129.68 (Ar), 129.66 (Ar), 129.2 (Ar), 128.9, 128.7 (Ar), 127.7 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 113.2 (Ar), 96.1, 89.3, 87.2 (C1′), 86.5, 85.2, 79.1, 78.6 (C2′), 72.7 (C3′), 72.3 (C5″), 59.7 (C5′), 54.9 (CH₃O), 53.1 (CH₂OBz).

Example 41

C5 TFA protected propargylamine 5′DMT-α-L-LNA U

After setting up the DMTr-protected vinyl iodide (0.50 g, 0.73 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (90 mg, 0.07 mmol), CuI (30 mg, 0.14 mmol), 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(prop-2-ynyl)acetamide (180 mg, 1.46 mmol), and Et₃N (0.4 mL, 2.84 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the TFA-protected propargylamine (0.43 g, 84%) was obtained as a slightly brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.76 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 10.04 (t, ex, 1H, J=5.5 Hz, NHCH₂), 7.94 (s, 1H, H6), 7.22-7.41 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.90 (d, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 5.94-5.95 (m, 2H, 1ex, H1′,3′-OH), 4.43 (d, 1H, J=4.0 Hz, H3′), 4.26-4.27 (m, 3H, H2′, CH₂NH), 3.98-4.00 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.92-3.93 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.74 (s, 6H, 2×OCH₃), 3.32 (s, 2H, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 161.5, 158.1, 156.0 (q, J=36.3 Hz, COCF₃) 149.1, 144.7, 143.4 (C6), 135.1, 135.0, 129.7 (Ar), 129.6 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 115.7 (q, J=287 Hz, CF₃), 113.2 (Ar), 96.5, 89.3, 87.3, 87.1 (C1′), 85.3, 78.6 (C2′), 75.3, 72.6 (C3′), 72.2 (C5″), 69.6, 59.7 (C5′), 54.9 (CH₃O), 29.4 (CH₂NH).

Example 42

C5 C₁₈ protected propargylamine 5′DMT-α-L-LNA U (10×)

After setting up the DMTr-protected vinyl iodide (0.34 g, 0.50 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (60 mg, 0.05 mmol), CuI (20 mg, 0.10 mmol), N-(prop-2-ynyl)stearamide (0.28 g, 1.00 mmol), and Et₃N (0.30 mL, 2.13 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 6 h. After workup and purification, the C_(B)-protected propargylamine (0.24 g, 55%) was obtained as a brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 900.4813 ([M+Na]⁺, C₅₂H₆₇N₃O₉.Na, Calc 900.4770); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.89 (s, 1H, H6), 7.25-7.45 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.87 (d, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 5.97 (s, 1H, H1′), 5.88 (t, ex, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, NHCH₂), 4.54 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.48 (s, 1H, H3′), 4.27-4.28 (m, 2H, CH₂NH), 4.09-4.13 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, H5″), 3.97-4.01 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, H5″), 3.81 (s, 6H, 2×CH₃O), 3.54-3.57 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.50-3.53 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 2.16-2.19 (m, 2H, CH₂CONH), 1.61-1.63 (m, 2H, CH₂—CH₂CONH), 1.26-1.27 (m, 26H, 13×CH₂), 1.12-1.13 (m, 2H, CH₂), 0.89 (t, 3H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₃CH₂); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 172.7, 161.6, 158.77, 158.76, 149.0, 144.2, 142.7 (C6), 135.22, 135.20, 130.03 (Ar), 130.02, (Ar), 128.0 (Ar), 127.9 (Ar), 127.1 (Ar), 113.3 (Ar), 98.5, 89.8, 89.5, 87.9 (C1′), 86.6, 78.8 (C2′), 74.4, 74.3 (C3′), 72.7 (C5″), 59.4 (C5′), 55.2 (CH₃O), 36.4 (CH₂CONH), 31.9 (CH₂), 30.0 (CH₂NH), 29.69 (CH₂), 29.68 (CH₂), 29.66 (CH₂), 29.65 (CH₂), 29.63 (CH₂), 29.5 (CH₂), 29.4 (CH₂), 29.35 (CH₂), 29.33 (CH₂), 25.5 (CH₂—CH₂CONH), 22.7 (CH₂), 14.1 (CH₃).

Example 43

C5 Cholesterol Protected Propargylamine 5′DMT-α-L-LNA U

After setting up the DMTr-protected vinyl iodide (0.34 g, 0.50 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (60 mg, 0.05 mmol), CuI (20 mg, 0.10 mmol), cholesteryl-prop-2-ynyl-carbamate amine^(r) (0.47 g, 1.00 mmol) and Et₃N (0.30 mL, 2.13 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the cholesterol-protected propargylamine (0.39 g, 76%) was obtained as a slightly yellow solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1046.5533 ([M+Na]⁺, C₆₂H₇₇N₃O₁₀.Na, Calc 1046.5501); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.92 (bs, 1H, ex, NH), 7.88 (s, 1H, H6), 7.27-7.45 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.86 (d, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 5.97 (s, 1H, H1′), 5.36 (d, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, HC═C-chol), 5.11 (t, ex, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, NHCH₂), 4.55 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.50-4.53 (m, 1H, OCH-chol), 4.48 (s, 1H, H3′), 4.19 (d, 2H, J=5.0 Hz, CH₂NH), 4.11-4.15 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, H5″), 3.98-4.02 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, H5″), 3.80 (s, 6H, 2×CH₃O), 3.50-3.58 (2d, 2H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 0.87-2.36 (m, 34H, H-Chol), 0.69 (s, 3H, CH₃-chol); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 161.5, 158.74, 158.73, 155.6, 149.0, 144.3, 142.6 (C6), 139.7, 135.28, 135.26, 132.1 (Ar), 132.0 (Ar), 130.04 (Ar), 130.03 (Ar), 128.5 (Ar), 128.4 (Ar), 128.02 (Ar), 128.00 (Ar), 127.0 (Ar), 122.5 (CH═C-chol), 113.3 (Ar), 98.5, 89.8, 87.9 (C1′), 86.6, 78.9 (C2′), 74.9 (OCH-chol), 74.4, 74.2 (C3′), 72.8 (C5″), 59.4 (C5′), 56.7 (CH-chol), 56.1 (CH-chol), 55.2 (CH₃O), 50.0 (CH-chol), 42.3, 39.7 (CH₂-chol), 39.5 (CH₂-chol), 38.5 (CH₂-chol), 36.9 (CH₂-chol), 36.5, 36.2 (CH₂-chol), 35.7 (CH-chol), 31.9 (CH₂NH and CH₂-chol overlap), 31.8 (CH-chol), 28.2 (CH₂-chol), 28.1 (CH₂-chol), 28.0 (CH-chol), 24.2 (CH₂-chol), 23.8 (CH₂-chol), 22.7 (CH₃-chol), 22.5 (CH₃-chol), 21.0 (CH₂-chol), 19.3 (CH₃-chol), 18.7 (C₁₋₁₃-chol), 11.8 (CH₃-chol).

Example 44

C5 Pyrenecarboxamide Propargylamine 5′DMT-α-L-LNA U

After setting up the DMTr-protected vinyl iodide (0.50 g, 0.73 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (90 mg, 0.07 mmol), CuI (30 mg, 0.14 mmol), N-(prop-2-ynyl)pyrene-1-carboxamide (280 mg, 1.00 mmol), and Et₃N (0.40 mL, 2.84 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) as described in the representative Sonogashira protocol, the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. After workup and purification, the pyrene carboxamide (0.47 g, 79%) was obtained as a slightly yellow solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 862.2756 ([M+Na]⁺, C₅₂H₄₁N₃O₉.Na, Calc 862.2735); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.77 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 9.23 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.5 Hz, NHCH₂), 8.54-8.55 (d, 1H, J=9.5 Hz, Ar), 8.19-8.35 (m, 6H, Ar), 8.10-8.14 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.99 (s, 1H, H6), 7.13-7.40 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.88 (d, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 5.98 (s, 1H, HP), 5.95 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 4.49 (d, 2H, J=5.5 Hz, CH₂NH), 4.43 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 4.28 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.03-4.05 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.95-3.97 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, H5″), 3.69 (s, 6H, 2×CH₃O), 3.32 (s, 2H, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 168.5, 161.6, 158.0, 149.2, 144.6, 142.9 (C6), 135.1, 135.0, 131.6, 131.0, 130.7, 130.1, 129.69 (Ar), 129.67 (Ar), 128.3 (Ar), 128.1 (Ar), 127.9 (Ar), 127.8 (Ar), 127.5 (Ar), 127.1 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 126.5 (Ar), 125.8 (Ar), 125.5 (Ar), 125.1 (Ar), 124.5 (Ar), 124.3 (Ar), 123.7, 123.5, 113.2 (Ar), 97.0, 89.5, 89.3, 87.1 (C1′), 85.3, 78.6 (C2′), 74.5, 72.7 (C3′), 72.3 (C5″), 59.7 (C5′), 54.9 (CH₃O), 29.5 (CH₂NH).

Representative Protocol for Phosphitylation

The coupled products described above (α-series) were dried by coevaporation with anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (2×10 mL) and dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂. To this was added EtN(iPr)₂ (DIPEA) and 2-cyanoethyl N,N′-(diisopropyl)-phosphoramidochloridite (PCl-reagent) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt until analytical TLC showed full conversion of the starting material (2-3 h) [quantities and volumes specified below]. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL), washed with 5% aq. NaHCO₃ (2×10 mL), and the combined aqueous phase back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness and the resulting residue purified by column chromatography (0-3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) and subsequent trituration from CH₂Cl₂ and petroleum ether to provide phosphoramidite products.

Example 45

C5 ethynyl α-L-LNA-U phosphoramidite

The desilylated acetylene product (0.35 g 0.60 mmol), DIPEA (0.50 mL, 2.88 mmol), and PCl-reagent (0.20 mL, 0.87 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) were reacted, worked up and purified as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol to provide the phosphoramidite compound (0.39 mg, 83%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 805.2943 ([M+Na]⁺, C₄₂H₄₇N₄O₉P.Na⁺, Calcd 805.2958); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ150.2, 149.9.

Example 46

C5 Propargylalcohol α-L-LNA-U phosphoramidite

The benzoyl-protected propargylalcohol (0.35 g, 0.49 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (2×7 mL) and redissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (7 mL). To this was added DIPEA (425 μL, 2.44 mmol) and N-methylimidazole (31 μL, 0.39 mmol), followed by dropwise addition of the PCl-reagent (220 μL, 0.98 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h, whereupon it was evaporated to near dryness, purified via column chromatography (0-3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂), and subsequent trituration from CH₂Cl₂ and petroleum ether to provide the phosphoramidite compound (0.28 g, 62%) a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂); ESI-HRMS m/z 939.3332 ([M+Na]⁺, C₅₀H₅₃N₄O₁₁P.Na⁺, Calcd 939.3341); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 150.1, 149.8.

Example 47

C5 TFA Protected Propargylamine α-L-LNA-U Phosphoramidite

The TFA-protected propargylamine (0.25 g 0.35 mmol), DIPEA (0.30 mL, 1.7 mmol), PCl-reagent (0.10 mL, 0.45 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) were reacted, worked up and purified as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol to provide the phosphoramidite compound (0.27 g, 84%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 930.3068 ([M+Na]⁺, C₄₅H₄₉F₃N₅O₁₀P.Na⁺, Calcd 930.3080); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 150.2, 149.9.

Example 48

C5 C₁₈ protected propargylamine α-L-LNA U PA

The C₁₈-protected propargylamine (170 mg, 0.19 mmol), DIPEA (145 μL, 0.83), and PCl-reagent (61 μL, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) were mixed and reacted as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol. After stirring at rt for 3 h, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and washed with H₂O (2×30 mL). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness, and the resulting crude residue purified by column chromatography (0-70% EtOAc in petroleum ether, v/v) and subsequent trituration from CH₂Cl₂ and petroleum ether to provide the phosphoramidite compound (107 mg, 52%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.4 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1100.5859 ([M+Na]⁺, C₆₁H₈₄N₅O₁₀P.Na⁺, Calcd 1100.5848); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 150.2, 149.9.

Example 49

C5 Cholesterol Protected Propargylamine α-L-LNA U PA

The cholesterol-protected propargylamine (150 mg, 0.15 mmol), DIPEA (105 μL, 0.59 mmol), and PCl-reagent (50 μL, 0.21 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) were mixed and reacted as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol. After stirring at rt for 3 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and washed with H₂O (2×30 mL). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness, and the resulting crude residue purified by column chromatography (0-70% EtOAc in petroleum ether, v/v) and subsequent trituration from CH₂Cl₂ and petroleum ether to provide the phosphoramidite compound (102 mg, 57%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.4 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1246.6519 ([M+Na]⁺, C₇₁H₉₄N₃O₁₁P.Na⁺, Calcd 1246.6579); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 150.2, 149.9.

Example 50

C5 Pyrene-Propargylamine α-L-LNA-U Phosphoramidite

The pyrene carboxamide (0.44 g, 0.52 mmol), DIPEA (0.46 mL, 2.6 mmol), PCl-reagent (0.18 mL, 0.78 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) were reacted, worked up and purified as described in the representative phosphitylation protocol to provide nucleoside the phosphoramidite compound (190 mg, 61%) as a white foam. R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ESI-HRMS m/z 1062.3790 ([M+Na]⁺, C₆₀H₅₈N₅O₁₀P.Na⁺, Calcd 1062.3814); ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ 150.2, 149.8.

Example 51

5-[2-(1-Pyrenyl)ethynyl]-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl) LNA uridine

5-iodo-5′-ODMTr LNA U (0.34 g, 0.50 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (60 mg, 0.05 mmol), CuI (20 mg, 0.10 mmol) and pyrene-1-ethynyl (0.28 g, 1.00 mmol) were added to anhydrous DMF (10 mL) and the resulting mixture was degassed and placed under argon. To this was added Et₃N (0.30 mL, 2.84 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h whereupon solvents were evaporated off. The resulting residue was taken up in EtOAc (100 mL) and sequentially washed with brine (50 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL). The combined aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (100 mL), and the combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness and the resulting crude residue purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to afford the desired nucleoside (0.31 g, 80%) as a yellow solid. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.89 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.36-8.08 (m, 8H, Ar), 7.93 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 7.67 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, Ar), 7.50-7.49 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.37-7.33 (m, 4H, Ar), 7.30-7.26 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.06-7.03 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.83 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 6.80 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz, Ar), 5.79 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.53 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.34 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.24 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.81-3.82 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz, H5″), 3.78-3.80 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz, H5″), 3.50 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.48 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.49 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.39 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 161.7, 158.0, 157.9, 149.5, 149.0, 144.4, 141.3, 135.4, 130.7, 130.6, 130.5, 130.3, 129.58, 129.50, 128.8, 128.2, 128.0, 127.8, 127.6, 127.1, 126.6, 126.5, 125.7, 125.6, 124.7, 124.4, 123.4, 123.2, 116.8, 113.17, 113.15, 98.2, 91.3, 88.1, 87.7, 87.1, 85.5, 78.7, 69.3, 58.7, 54.7, 54.6.

Example 52

5-{3[(Adamatanyl-1-methyl]-1-propynyl}-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl) LNA uridine

5-iodo-5′-ODMTr LNA U (0.50 g, 0.73 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (90 mg, 0.05 mmol), CuI (30 mg, 0.10 mmol) and adamnatane (220 mg, 1.00 mmol) were added to anhydrous DMF (10 mL) and the resulting mixture was degassed and placed under argon. To this was added Et₃N (0.50 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h whereupon solvents were evaporated off. The resulting residue was taken up in EtOAc (100 mL) and sequentially washed with brine (50 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL). The combined aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (100 mL), and the combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness and the resulting crude residue purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to afford the desired nucleoside PK-10-10 (0.43 g, 76%) as a yellow solid. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); HRMS required 773.3676 Submitted ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.66 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.08 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.5 Hz, NHCO), 7.74 (s, 1H, H6), 7.42-7.44 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.28-7.34 (m, 6H, Ar), 7.23-7.25 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.91 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, 3.5 Hz, Ar), 5.71 (d, 1H, ex, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.42 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.24 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.01 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, H3′), 3.92-3.86 (m, 2H, CH₂), 3.80-3.82 (m, 2H, H5″), 3.75 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.74 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.54-3.56 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.27-3.29 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) 169.5, 161.6, 158.1, 158.0, 148.9, 144.6, 141.4, 135.4, 134.8, 129.8, 129.5, 127.8, 127.5, 126.6, 113.24, 113.22, 97.7, 89.5, 87.5, 86.9, 85.5, 78.7, 74.2, 71.3, 69.6, 59.0, 54.9, 49.4, 41.9, 36.3, 32.2, 28.4, 27.9.

Example 53

5-[3-{2-(2,2,2-Trifluoroacetylamino)acetyl}-1-propynyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl] LNA uridine

A solution of 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)acetic acid (90 mg, 0.58 mmol), O—(N-Succinimidyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TSTU, 190 mg, 0.63 mmol) and DIPEA (0.25 mL, 1.47 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes whereupon C5-propargylamine-5′-ODMTr LNA U (0.30 g, 0.49 mmol) was added to it. The reaction mixture stirred for 2 h at rt. Whereupon solvents were removed at reduced pressure and the residue was taken in EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL) followed by brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness to afford crude which was purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH/DCM) to afford desired nucleoside (180 mg, 48%) as slight brown solid material. R_(f)=0.4 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.68 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 9.61 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.5 Hz, NHCO), 8.49 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.0 Hz, NHCO), 7.77 (s, 1H, H6), 7.42-7.44 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.28-7.34 (m, 6H, Ar), 7.24-7.26 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.91 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, 2.5 Hz, Ar), 5.72 (d, 1H, ex, J=5.0 Hz, 3′—OH), 5.42 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.24 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.03 (d, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, H3′), 3.86-3.98 (m, 2H, CH₂), 3.80-3.82 (m, 4H, CH₂, 2×H5″), 3.74 (s, 6H, 2×OCH₃), 3.55-3.57 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.26-3.29 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 166.6, 161.8, 158.1, 158.0, 156.6, 148.9, 144.6, 141.8, 135.4, 134.9, 129.7, 129.5, 127.8, 127.5, 126.6, 115.0, 113.25, 113.23, 97.5, 88.8, 87.5, 86.9, 85.5, 78.7, 74.7, 71.3, 69.6, 59.0, 54.9, 41.6, 28.7.

Example 54

5-[3-{2-(2,2,2-Trifluoroacetylamino)-4-methylpentanoyl}-1-propynyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl]LNA uridine

A Solution of (S)-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)-4-methylpentanoic acid (100 mg, 0.44 mmol), O—(N-Succinimidyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetra-fluoroborate (TSTU, 160 mg, 0.53 mmol), DIPEA (0.21 mL, 1.2 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes whereupon C5-propargylamine-5′-ODMTr LNA U (0.25 g, 0.40) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt whereupon solvents were removed at reduced pressure and the residue was taken in EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL) followed by brine. The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness to afford crude which was purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH/DCM) to afford desired nucleoside (170 mg, 49%) as brown solid material. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.68 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 9.54 (d, 1H, ex, J=8.5 Hz, NH), 8.58-8.60 (m, 1H, ex, NHCO), 7.77 (s, 1H, H6), 7.42-7.44 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.28-7.34 (m, 6H, Ar), 7.22-7.25 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.90 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, 2.5 Hz, Ar), 5.72 (m, 1H, ex), 5.43 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.36-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.24 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.02-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.98 (m, 2H, CH₂), 3.80-3.82 (m, 2H, 2×H5″), 3.74 (s, 6H, 2×OCH₃), 3.55-3.57 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.26-3.29 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 1.63-1.66 (m, 1H, CH), 11.45-1.53 (m, 2H, CH₂), 0.81-0.88 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) 170.1, 161.8, 158.1, 158.0, 156.2 (q, ²J_(CF)=36.3 Hz), 148.9, 144.6, 141.7, 135.4, 134.9, 129.8, 129.5, 127.8, 127.5, 126.6, 115.7 (q, ¹J_(CF)=287.6 Hz), 113.2, 97.5, 88.8, 87.5, 86.9, 85.5, 74.7, 71.3, 69.6, 59.1, 54.9, 51.5, 28.9, 24.2, 22.8, 20.9.

Example 55

5-[3-{2,6-bis(2,2,2-Trifluoroacetylamino)hexanoyl}-1-propynyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl] LNA uridine

A Solution of (S)-2,6-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)hexanoic acid (0.27 g, 0.8 mmol), O—(N-Succinimidyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TSTU, 320 mg, 1.06 mmol), DIPEA (0.42 mL, 2.4 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes whereupon C5-propargylamine-5′-ODMTr LNA U (0.5 g, 0.8 mmol) was added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly allowed to attain room temperature and stirred for another 1 h at rt whereupon solvents were removed at reduced pressure and the residue was taken in EtOAc (100 mL) and washed with NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL) followed by brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness to afford crude which was purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in DCM, v/v) to afford desired nucleoside (0.44 mg, 58%) as slight brown solid material. R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.67 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 9.49 (m, 1H, ex, NH), 9.30 (t, 1H, ex, J=5.0 Hz), 8.54-8.56 (m, 1H, ex), 7.77 (s, 1H, H6), 7.42-7.44 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.28-7.34 (m, 6H, Ar), 7.22-7.24 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.90 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, 3.0 Hz, Ar), 5.72 (d, 1H, ex, J=5.0 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.43 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.36-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.24 (s, 1H, HT), 4.03 (d, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, H3′), 3.86-3.98 (m, 2H, CH₂), 3.80-3.82 (m, 4H, CH₂, 2×H5″), 3.74 (s, 6H, 2×OCH₃), 3.55-3.57 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.26-3.29 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.13-3.17 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.66-1.71 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.41-1.48 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.20.1.29 (m, 2H, CH₂).

Example 56

C5-TFA Protected Glysine LNA-U PHOSPHORAMIDITE

The nucleoside i (146 mg, 0.19 mmol) was dried by coevaporation with anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (3×5 mL) under reduced pressure and dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL). To this solution, DIPEA (137 μL, 0.78 mmol) was added, followed by dropwise addition of 2-cyanoethyldiisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (66 μL, 0.29 mmol), under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, at which point the reaction was quenched with ice-cold EtOH (1 mL) and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude mixture was purified via column chromatography (0-2.5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford phosphoramidite X (118.6 mg, 64% yield). R_(f)=0.3 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v). ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 149.916, 148.77.

Example 57

C5-TFA Protected Leucine LNA-U Phosphoramidite

The nucleoside ii (83 mg, 0.10 mmol) was dried by coevaporation with anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (3×5 mL) under reduced pressure and dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL). To this solution, DIPEA (71.4, 0.41 mmol) was added, followed by drop wise addition of 2-cyanoethyldiisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (41 μL, 0.18 mmol), under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, at which point the reaction was quenched with ice-cold EtOH (1 mL) and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude mixture was purified via column chromatography (0-2.5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford phosphoramidite Y (38 mg, 37% yield/70% conversion). R_(f)=0.3 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v). ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 149.783, 148.846.

Example 58

C5-TFA Protected Lysine LNA-U Phosphoramidite

The nucleoside iii (154 mg, 0.16 mmol) was dried by coevaporation with anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (3×5 mL) under reduced pressure and dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL). To this solution, DIPEA (112 pt. 0.65 mmol) was added, followed by drop wise addition of 2-cyanoethyldiisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (72 μL, 0.32 mmol), under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, at which point the reaction was quenched with ice-cold EtOH (1 mL) and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude mixture was purified via column chromatography (0-2.5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford phosphoramidite Z (82.7 mg, 45% yield). R_(f)=0.4 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v). ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 149.969, 149.914, 148.824, 148.658.

Example 59

C5-Adamantane LNA-U Phosphoramidite

The nucleoside iv (204 mg, 0.26 mmol) was dried by coevaporation with anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (3×5 mL) under reduced pressure and dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL).

To this solution, DIPEA (184 μL, 1.1 mmol) was added, followed by drop wise addition of 2-cyanoethyldiisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (106 μL, 0.48 mmol), under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, at which point the reaction was quenched with ice-cold EtOH (1 mL) and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude mixture was purified via column chromatography (0-2.5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, v/v) to afford phosphoramidite W (190 mg, 74% yield). R_(f)=0.4 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v). ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 149.809, 149.165.

Example 60 Synthesis of 5-iodo-5′-ODMTr-3′-OTBDMS LNA uridine (2)

To a solution of Nucleoside 1 (3.2 g, 4.67 mmol), I₂ (3.5 g, 14.0 mmol) and N-methylimidazole (1.2 mL, 14.0 mmol) in dry DCM (50 mL) was added a TBDMS-Cl (1M in DCM, 5.6 mL, 5.6 mmol). Reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h whereupon it was diluted with DCM (100 mL) aq. sat. solution of sodium thiosulfate (100 mL). Phases were separated out and the organic layer was washed with aq. sat. solution of sodium thiosulfate (2×200 mL). The combined aq. phase was back extracted with DCM (100 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to afford crude which was purified by column chromatography (0-40% Ethylacetate in Pet ether) to afford nucleoside 2 (3.3 g, 90%) as slight yellow solid. R_(f)=0.5 (40% Ethylacetate in Pet ether). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.74 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 8.04 (s, 1H, H6), 7.42-7.44 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.28-7.34 (m, 6H, Ar), 7.22-7.24 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.89 (d, 4H, 0.1=8.5 Hz, Ar), 5.47 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.26 (s, 2H, H2′, H3′), 3.72-3.73 (m, 7H, 2×OCH₃, H5″), 3.66 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5″), 3.33-3.36 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.21-3.23 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 0.71 (s, 9H, 3×CH₃), 0.03 (s, 3H, CH₃), −0.03 (s, 3H, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 160.7, 158.1, 158.0, 149.7, 144.5, 143.0 (C6), 135.19, 135.17, 129.6 (Ar), 129.5 (Ar), 127.9 (Ar), 127.4 (Ar), 126.6 (Ar), 113.27 (Ar), 113.24 (Ar), 87.5, 87.1 (C1′), 85.5, 78.4 (C2′), 71.5 (C5″), 70.4 (C3′), 69.0, 58.4 (C5′), 54.9 (OCH₃), 25.3 (CH₃), 17.3 (C), −4.8 (CH₃), −5.4 (CH₃).

Example 61 Synthesis of 5-iodo-5′-ODMTr-3′-OTBDMS LNA cytidine (4)

To a stirred cold suspension of 1,24-triazole (4.65 g, 67.27 mmol), in acetonitrile (25 mL) was added POCl₃ (1.5 mL, 60 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes, whereupon triethyamine (11.0 mL, 79.20 mmol) was added, after stirring for another 30 minutes, a solution of nucleoside 2 (1.6 g, 2 mmol) in acetonitrile was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h whereupon solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was taken up in ethylacetate (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The phases were separated out, organic phase was washed with NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL) and the combined aq. phase was back extracted with ethylacetate (100 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness to afford 3 which was directly dissolved in methanolic ammonia (150 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred for overnight at room temperature whereupon solvents were removed and the resulting residue was purified by column chromatography (0-2% MeOH in DCM) to afford 4 (1.15 g 72%) as slight yellow solid material. R_(f)=0.4 (2% MeOH in DCM); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.06 (s, 1H, H6), 7.90 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 7.43-7.45 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.28-7.35 (m, 6H, Ar), 7.22-7.25 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.89 (dd, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, 1.0 Hz, Ar), 6.67 (s, 1H, ex, NH), 5.47 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.25 (s, 1H, H2′), 4.20 (s, 1H, H2′), 3.72-3.73 (m, 7H, 2×OCH₃, H5″), 3.64-3.66 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H5″), 3.34-3.37 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 3.18-3.20 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H5′), 0.71 (s, 9H, 3×CH₃), 0.04 (s, 3H, CH₃), −0.06 (s, 3H, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 164.0, 158.1, 153.4, 145.3, 144.5, 135.26, 135.21, 129.6, 129.5, 127.9, 127.5, 126.6, 113.28, 113.25, 87.4, 87.3, 85.6, 78.5, 71.4, 70.2, 58.5, 56.6, 54.9 (OCH₃), 25.3 (CH₃), 17.3, −4.9 (CH₃), −5.3 (CH₃).

Example 62 Synthesis of 6

To a solution of nucleoside 4 (1.5 g, 1.91 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (7 mL) was added benzoic anhydride (0.65 g, 2.88 mmol). The result in reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 24 h, whereupon solvents were removed at reduced pressure and the resulting residue was taken up in ethylacetate (100 mL) and washed with NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The ethylacetate layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford crude which was purified by column chromatography (0-1% MeOH in DCM) to afford nucleoside 5 which was directly dissolved in THF (5 mL). To this solution was added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF, 1M solution in THF, 2.2 mL, 2.2 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h whereupon it was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and washed with NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The ethylacetate layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford crude which was purified by column chromatography (0-2% MeOH in DCM) to afford nucleoside 6. ¹H-NMR: (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.98 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.6-8.2 (m, 2H), 7.63-7.46 (m, 5H), 7.41-7.26 (m, 10H), 6.95-6.92 (d, 4H), 5.79 (d, 1H), 5.52 (s, 1H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 4.14-4.13 (d, 1H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.77-3.74 (s, 6H), 3.43 (d, 1H), 3.35-3.32 (d, 1H).

Example 63

8-Bromo LNA-A

A solution of known diol 1 (1.13 gm, 4.05 mmol) in dioxane:sodium acetate buffer (0.5 M, 23.2 ml), (pH=4.5) was obtained on gentle heating. To this was added a solution of Br₂ (0.28 ml, 5.07 mmol), in dioxane dropwise at rt. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight, whereupon excess of Br₂ was decolorized using Na₂S₂O₃ and carefully neutralized to pH 7.0 using aq. solution of NaOH (0.5N). The content was reduced to half and allowed to stand overnight at +5.0° C. The solid obtained was filtered and washed with cold H₂O: dioxane mixture (1:1 v/v) to obtain 85% of C-8 bromo LNA 2 as a slightly pale yellow solid. Physical data for compound 2: R_(f)=0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.12 (s, 1H, H2), 7.43 (bs, ex, 2H, NH₂), 5.76 (s, 1H, 1′-1′), 5.73-5.74 (d, ex, 1H, J=4.5 Hz, 3′-OH), 4.95 (t, ex, J=6.0 Hz, 1H, 5′-OH), 4.83 (s, 1H, H-2′), 4.68-4.69 (d, 1H, J=4.0 Hz H-3′), 3.96-3.97 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H-5″), 3.78-3.76 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H-5″), 3.72 (d, 2H, J=6.0 Hz 2×H-5′); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 154.9 (C), 152.4 (C2), 149.9 (C), 126.4 (C), 119.0 (C), 88.4 (C), 87.5 (C1′), 79.4 (C2′), 71.9 (C3′), 71.5 (C5′), 57.1 (C5″).

Example 64

8-Bromo-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)LNA-A

Nucleoside 1 (0.5 g, 1.4 mmol), was co evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (10 ml) and redissolved in anhydrous pyridine (15 mL). To this solution of nucleic acid DMAP (10 mg, mmol), and DMTr-Cl (0.62 g, 1.81 mmol) were added under Ar, and the mixture was stirred at rt for 6 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with methanol and evaporated to obtain crude which was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and aq. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic phase was washed with aq. NaHCO₃ and the aqueous layer was back extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Combined organic layers were dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% MeOH/CHCl₃) to obtain 77% of the pure product. Physical data of compound 3: R_(f)=0.5 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); MALDI-HRMS m/z 682.1277 ([1\4+Na]⁺, C, Calcd 682.1277); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8.11 (s, 1H, H2), 7.426 (bs, ex, 2H, NH₂), 7.33-7.35 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.19-7.27 (m, 7H, Ar), 6.83-6.85 (m, 4H, Ar), 5.85 (s, 1H, H-1′), 5.74-5.78 (d, ex, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, 3′-OH), 5.05 (s, 1H, H-2′), 4.64-4.63 (d, 1H, J=5.0 Hz, H-3′), 4.02-4.00 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H-5″), 3.98-4.02 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, H-5″) 3.73-3.72 (d, 6H, J=2.0 Hz, OCH₃) 3.33-3.30 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H-5′), 3.23-3.21 (d, 1H, J=11.0 Hz, H-5′); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 158.0 (C), 154.9 (C), 152.5 (C2), 149.8 (C), 135.4, 135.3 (C), 129.6-126.5 (Ar), 118.9 (C), 113.1 (C), 87.1 (C1′), 86.6 (C), 85.2 (C), 78.8 (C2″), 72.7 (C3′), 72.0 (C5″), 60.1 (C5′), 55.0 (—OCH₃)

Example 65

6-N-Benzoyl, 8-Bromo-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)LNA-A

To a solution of 5′-O DMT-protected nucleoside 3 (1.0 mmol), dried two times with pyridine and suspended in 5 mL of pyridine was added trimethylchlorosilane (3.0 mmol). After 30 min, (5.0 mmol) of benzoyl chloride was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 5 h. The mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and treated with water. After stirring for 15 min, 29% aq. NH₃ (7 mL) was added and the suspension was stirred at rt for 30 min. The mixture was evaporated to obtain crude which was dissolved in DCM and washed with 5% aq.NaHCO₃ (twice). The organic layer was evaporated to dryness and the residue was purified using silica gel chromatography (0-3% MeOH/DCM) to obtain 72% of the pure product. Physical data of compound 3: R_(f)=0.5 (3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v) ¹H-NMR: (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.26 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.06-8.03 (d, 2H), 7.59-7.56 (d, 2H), 7.35-7.21 (m, 8H), 6.87-6.85 (m, 4H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 5.88-5.87 (d, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.64-4.62 (d, 1H), 4.07-4.04 (dd, 2H), 3.73 (s, 6H), 3.39 (d, 1H), 3.26 (d, 1H).

Example 66

6-N-benzoyl,8-[3-(trifluoroacetylamino)-1-propynyl]-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-LNA-A (5)

Nucleoside 4 (0.37 g, 0.5 mmol), in CuI (20 mg, 0.1 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (60 mg, 0.05 mmol), 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-propynyl)acetimide (100 mg, 1.0 mmol) were added to DMF (8.0 mL) and the resulting mixture was degassed and placed under argon. To this was added Et₃N (0.3 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 12 h whereupon solvents were evaporated off. The resulting residue was taken up in ethyl actetate (15 mL) and subsequently washed with brine and sat. aq.NaHCO₃. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated to dryness and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% MeOH—CH₂Cl₂) to obtain 70% of the pure product. Physical data of compound: R_(f)=0.5 (2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, v/v); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.70 (s, 1H, H-2), 8.01-7.99 (d, 2H, Ar), 7.65-7.52 (m, 4H, —NH, Ar), 7.36-7.18 (m, 9H, Ar), 6.85-6.82 (m, 4H, Ar), 6.10 (s, 1H, H-1′), 5.86-5.85 (m, 1H, 3′-OH), 5.28 (s, 1H, H-2′), 4.85 (d, 1H, H-3′), 4.81 (d, 1H, H-5″), 4.5 (d, 1H, H-5″), 4.05-4.02 (m, 2H, CH₂), 3.71-3.70 (d, 6H, 2-OCH₃), 3.46-3.44 (d, 1H, H-5′), 3.29-3.26 (d, 1H, H-5′); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 151.2, 132.3, 129.6, 129.5, 128.4, 127.7, 127.5, 126.6, 126.5, 113.1, 86.6, 78.8, 72.1, 72.0, 59.9, 54.9, 25.8; ¹⁹F NMR (282.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −65.16, −65.23.

Example 67 Thermal Affinity of Oligonucleotides Modified with C5-Functionalized Pyrimidine LNA Monomers Toward Complementary Single Stranded DNA/RNA Targets and Mismatched Single Stranded DNA/RNA Targets

General Experimental Procedures for Thermal Denaturation Studies

This example concerns the thermal affinity of oligonucleotides modified with C5-functionalized LNA or C5-functionalized α-L-LNA monomers toward complementary single stranded DNA/RNA targets and mismatched single stranded DNA/RNA targets.

Concentrations of ONs were estimated using the following extinctions coefficients for DNA (OD/μmol): G (12.01), A (15.20), T (8.40), C (7.05); for RNA (OD/μmmol): G (13.70), A (15.40), U (10.00), C (9.00); ONs (1.0 μmmol of each strand) were thoroughly mixed, denatured by heating and subsequently cooled to the starting temperature of the experiment. Quartz optical cells with a pathlength of 1.0 cm were used. Thermal denaturation temperatures [T_(m)-values/° C.; Mergny, J. L.; Lacroix, Oligonucleotides 13:515-537 (2003)] were measured on a Cary 100 UV/VIS spectrophotometer equipped with a 12-cell Peltier temperature controller and determined as the maximum of the first derivative of the thermal denaturation curve (A₂₆₀ versus temperature) recorded in medium salt buffer (T_(m)-buffer: 100 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, and pH 7.0 adjusted with 10 mM Na₂HPO₄/5 mM Na₂HPO₄). The temperature of the denaturation experiments ranged from at least 15° C. below T_(m) to 20° C. above T_(m) (although not below 1° C.). A temperature ramp of 0.5° C./min was used in all experiments. Reported thermal denaturation temperatures are an average of two experiments within ±1.0° C.

Example 68 Thermal Affinity of Oligonucleotides Modified with C5-Functionalized LNA TFOs Toward Double Stranded DNA Targets

General Experimental Procedure for Thermal Denaturation Studies:

Concentrations of all TFOs were determined using the extinction coefficient of 118500 L×(mol×cm)-1. 1 mL solution containing 1.0 nmol of each strand was denatured by heating and subsequently cooled to the starting temperature of the experiment in quartz optical cells with a path-length of 1.0 cm. Thermal denaturation profiles were recorded on a Cary 100 UV/VIS spectrophotometer equipped with a 12-cell Peltier temperature controller using a ramp of 0.5° C./min. Thermal denaturation temperatures (Tm) for triplex to duplex transitions were determined as the first derivative of difference thermal denaturation profiles (dA260 vs. T), which were obtained by subtracting the thermal denaturation profile of the dsDNA target (always included as one of the samples in multicell holder of UV-Vis spectrophotometer) from the raw thermal denaturation profile of the TFO+dsDNA (FIG. 13). Reported Tm-values are an average of at least two experiments within ±1.0° C.

General Experimental Procedure for Association Kinetics Studies:

Association rate constants (kon) for triplex formation were determined by fitting second order rate equations to the absorption (A260) decay profile upon association of TFOs with dsDNA target (FIG. 16). Profiles were recorded at 20° C. in pH 7.2 HEPES buffer (50 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 10% sucrose, 1 mg/mL spermine tetra-HCl). 0.5 nmol preannealed dsDNA target duplex in 100 μL buffer was mixed with 0.5 nmol TFO in 400 μL buffer (both dsDNA and TFOs were equilibrated at 20° C. before mixing).

General Experimental Procedure for 3′-exonuclease Studies:

SVPDE (snake venom phosphordiesterase) was purchased from Worthington Biochemical Corporation. The change in absorbance at 260 nm as a function of time was monitored for 2 nmol of TFO in 500 μL Tris buffer (50 mM Tris.HCl, 10 mM MgCl2, pH 9.0) at 37° C., to which SVPDE dissolved in H2O was added (0.43 μg in 10 μL).

Example 69 Detection of Complementary Single Stranded DNA/RNA Targets and/or Optical Discrimination of Mismatched Single Stranded DNA/RNA Targets Using Changes in Fluorescence Signal Output and C5-Functionalized LNA and/or C5-Functionalized α-L-LNA Compounds

General Experimental Procedure for Thermal Denaturation Studies:

Concentrations of unmodified ONs were estimated using the following extinctions coefficients for DNA (OD/μmol): G (12.01), A (15.20), T (8.40), C (7.05); for RNA (OD/μmol): G (13.70), A (15.40), U (10.00), C (9.00). Concentrations of modified ONs (ON5-ON16) were determined by titration with complementary DNA; a progressive increase in steady-state fluorescence emission intensity was observed until a plateau was reached, at which point a 1:1 stoichiometry was assumed. This approach was crossvalidated by comparison with conventional methods for concentration determination of pyrene-functionalized ONs which assume an ε₂₆₀ of 22.4 OD/μmol for the pyrene moiety.^([10b]) The two methods gave concentration determinations within ±10%. ONs (1.0 μmol of each strand) were thoroughly mixed, denatured by heating and subsequently cooled to the starting temperature of the experiment. Quartz optical cells with a pathlength of 1.0 cm were used. Thermal denaturation temperatures (T_(m) values [° C.]) were measured on a Cary 100 UV/VIS spectrophotometer equipped with 12-cell Peltier temperature controller and determined as the maximum of the first derivative of the thermal denaturation curve (A₂₆₀ vs. T) recorded in medium salt buffer (T_(m) buffer: 110 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH adjusted with 10 mM Na₂HPO₄/NaH₂PO₄). The temperature of the denaturation experiments ranged from at least 15° C. below T_(m) to 20° C. above T_(m) (although not below 1° C.). A temperature ramp of 0.5° C./min was used in all experiments. Reported thermal denaturation temperatures are an average of at least two experiments within ±1.0° C.

General Procedure for Fluorescence Studies:

Steady state fluorescence emission spectra were recorded using a Cary Eclipse fluorimeter using the same buffers and ON concentrations as in thermal denaturation studies. Fluorescence emission spectra of single stranded probes (SSP) and corresponding duplexes with complementary or mismatched targets were measured at 5° C. to ensure maximal hybridization. Deoxygenation was deliberately not applied to the samples since the scope of the work was to determine fluorescence under aerated condition prevailing in bioassays. Solutions were heated to 80° C. over 10 min, cooled to 5° C. over 15 min, and equilibrated at this temperature for more than 5 min. Steady state fluorescence emission spectra (360-600 nm range) were obtained as an average of five scans using an excitation wavelength of 344 nm, excitation slit 5.0 nm, emission slit 5.0 nm and a scan speed of 600 nm/min. The fluorescence quantum yield Φ_(F) of pyrenebutanoic acid (PBA) in MeOH in this experimental setting was measured to be 0.069 relative to 9,10-diphenylanthracene in cyclohexene (Φ_(F)=0.95),^([17]) which is in excellent agreement with the reported value of 0.065^([18]). Emission quantum yields Φ_(F) (ON) of single stranded ON9-ON12 and the corresponding duplexes with DNA/RNA targets were determined according to: Φ_(F)(ON)=Φ_(F)(PBA)×[A(ON)/A₃₄₄ (ON)]×[1/α(PBA)]×[n(H₂O)²/n (MeOH)²] where Φ_(F)(PBA) is the cross-calibrated value for the fluorescence quantum yield of PBA in MeOH, A(ON) is the area of the fluorescence emission spectrum of the sample from 360 to 600 nm, A₃₄₄ (ON) is the absorbance of the sample at the excitation wavelength (344 nm), α(PBA) is the slope of the fluorescence emission vs. A₃₄₄(ON) calibration curve for PBA and n(H₂O) and n(MeOH) are the refractive indexes of water (1.3328) and methanol (1.3288), respectively. The reported quantum yields are an average of at least two measurements within ±10%, although low quantum yields (Φ_(F)<10%) may be associated with considerably larger error.

Fluorescence excitation spectra were recorded using the same buffer and concentrations as for the thermal denaturation studies at T=5° C. 402 nm was used as the emission wavelength and excitation intensity was scanned from 300 to 400 nm.

Fluoroscence Studies:

Concentrations of ONs were estimated using the following extinctions coefficients for DNA (OD/μmmol): G (12.01), A (15.20), T (8.40), C (7.05); for RNA (OD/μmol): G (13.70), A (15.40), U (10.00), C (9.00). ONs (1.0 μmol of each strand) were thoroughly mixed, denatured by heating and subsequently cooled to the starting temperature of the experiment. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectra were recorded in medium salt buffer (T_(m)-buffer: 100 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, and pH 7.0 adjusted with 10 mM Na₂HPO₄/5 mM Na₂HPO₄) at 5° C. on a Varian, Cary Eclipse Fluorescence spectrophotometer in the range 360-600 nm (for C5-pyrene-functionalized LNA/α-L-LNA derivatives) and in the range of 460-660 nm (for C5-perylene-functionalized LNA/α-L-LNA derivatives), using a quartz cell with a 1 cm path length nitrogen atmosphere. All measurements were carried out at medium salt concentration at pH 7 and 1.0 μM ON concentration at 5° C.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosed invention may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples of the invention and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the following claims. We therefore claim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit of these claims. 

1. A compound having a formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or combinations thereof, where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R³ is selected from hydrogen, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R⁴ is a natural or non-natural nucleobase; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; and m+n=2 to
 4. 2. The compound according to claim 1 where R¹ is selected from ether, carbonyl, nitrile, disulfide, thioether, amine, amino acid, aminoglycoside, carbohydrate, fluorophores, nucleosides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, peptides, intercalators, lipidoids, porphyrins, proteins, and vitamins.
 3. The compound according to claim 1 where R² is selected from carbonyl, sulfonyl, benzyl, benzoyl, and alkyl.
 4. The compound according to claim 1 where R² is selected from hydrogen, 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl, trityl, and 9-arylthioxanthenyl.
 5. The compound according to claim 1 where R³ is


6. The compound according to claim 1 comprising an α-L-locked nucleic acid having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; X independently is nitrogen or carbon; Y is selected from oxygen, N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl, sulfur, and any combination thereof; W is selected from phosphorus, SH, and SeH; Z independently is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ independently is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl, sulfhydryl; and m+n=2 to
 4. 7. The compound according to claim 1 having an R¹-linker moiety selected from


8. The compound according to claim 6 where the compound is


9. The compound according to claim 1 comprising a β locked nucleotide having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; X is nitrogen, carbon, or any combination thereof; Y is selected from oxygen, N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl, sulfur, and any combination thereof W is selected from phosphorus, SH, and SeH, Z independently is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl, and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ independently is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl, sulfhydryl; and m+n=2 to
 4. 10. The compound according to claim 9 where the compound is


11. An oligonucleotide comprising a compound having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R³ is selected from oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R⁴ is a natural or non-natural nucleobase; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; and m+n=2 to
 4. 12. The oligonucleotide according to claim 11 having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R⁴ is a natural or non-natural nucleobase; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Y is selected from oxygen, N(R⁵) where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl, sulfur, and any combination thereof; Z is selected from ether, thioether, hydroxyl (an anions thereof), sulfhydryl (and anions thereof), and N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ independently is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl; W is selected from phosphorus, SH, and SeH; monomer can be selected from deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, O2′-alkylated ribonucleotides, locked nucleic acids, α-L-locked nucleic acids, and other conformationally-restricted nucleotides; m+n=2 to 4; and p+q is from 2 to about
 50. 13. A probe on a solid support, the probe comprising at least one compound having a formula

where R¹ is aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, or metal complexes, R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound, R³ is selected from hydrogen, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound, R⁴ is a nucleic acid; linker is aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, or heteroaryl, and Y is oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, and heteroaryl, and m+n=2 to
 4. 14. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: a compound having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R³ is selected from hydrogen, oligonucleotides, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R⁴ is a natural or non-natural nucleobase; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; and m+n=2 to 4; and at least a second material selected from carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents, one or more additional active ingredients, bulking agents, disintegrating agents, anti-adherents and glidants, lubricants, binding agents, flavoring agents, and combinations thereof.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, where R¹ is selected from ether, carbonyl, nitrile, disulfide, thioether, amine, amino acid, aminoglycoside, carbohydrate, fluorophores, nucleosides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, peptides, intercalators, lipidoids, porphyrins, proteins, and vitamins.
 16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, where R² is selected from trityl, carbonyl, sulfonyl, benzyl, benzoyl, and alkyl.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, where R² is selected from hydrogen, 9-arylthioxanthenyl, and 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, where R³ is


19. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14 having an R¹-linker moiety selected from


20. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14 where the compound is


21. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, comprising an oligonucleotide having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, an oligonucleotide, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R³ is selected from an oligonucleotide, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R⁴ is a natural or non-natural nucleobase; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; and m+n=2 to
 4. 22. A method for making a compound having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, an oligonucleotide, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R³ is selected from hydrogen, an oligonucleotide, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R⁴ is a natural or non-natural nucleobase, Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; and m+n=2 to 4, the method comprising; providing a first compound having a first formula

and subjecting the first compound to debenzylation conditions to provide greater than a 98:2 ratio of the first compound to a second compound.
 23. The method according to claim 22, further comprising making a compound having a second formula

the method comprising: providing the compound having the first formula; and coupling a vinyl substituent of the nucleobase with a

moiety or an R¹-linker moiety.
 24. A method for detecting a target in a nucleic acid, comprising: providing a compound having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, an oligonucleotide, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R³ is selected from hydrogen, an oligonucleotide, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R⁴ is a natural or non-natural nucleobase; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; and m+n=2 to 4; and contacting nucleic acid with the compound in a manner effective to detect the target.
 25. The method according to claim 24 for detecting a single nucleotide polymorphism.
 26. The method according to claim 24 where contacting comprises modifying the nucleic acid with the compound, thereby increasing thermal affinity of the nucleic acid by greater than 0° C. to about 15° C. compared to the thermal affinity of an unmodified nucleic acid.
 27. The method according to claim 24 where the compound is an oligonucleotide comprising a monomer having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R² is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, functional group protecting groups, an oligonucleotide, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R³ is selected from an oligonucleotide, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R⁴ is a natural or non-natural nucleobase; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; and m+n=2 to
 4. 28. A kit for isolating, purifying, amplifying, detecting, identifying or quantifiying a nucleic acid, comprising at least one nucleoside unit having a formula

where R¹ is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, charged moieties, and metal complexes; R³ is selected from hydrogen, an oligonucleotide, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a metal-containing compound, and a selenium-containing compound; R⁴ is a natural or non-natural nucleobase; linker is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, or NR⁵ where R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, and heteroaryl; and m+n=2 to
 4. 